Key concepts - Gender Inequalities

Question	Answer
Pay Gap	The gap between female and male average. Fawcett society 2015 there is still a 13.9% pay gap between the average salaries for men and women working full time in the UK
Horizontal Segregation	When the labour market is segregated so that men and women occupy specific areas of the labour market in terms of types of jobs e.g women are clustered in caring roles and men in more physical jobs such as construction
Vertical Segregation	When the labour market is divided so that men occupy the top position in the workplace and women are clustered at the bottom of the hierarchy
Glass Ceiling	A term to describe the invisible barriers experienced by women preventing them from accessing the top positions in the labour market
Concrete Ceiling	A term to describe the barrier experienced by ethnic minority women preventing them from accessing the top positions in the labour market. This is more solid than it is for white women
Sexual Harassment	When women experience discrimination in the form of harassment, unwanted attention or inappropriate behaviour directed by men. Radical Feminists are particularly interested in this
Sticky Floor	A term to describe the way women are stuck to the bottom of occupational hierarchies and fill the lower status positions
Motherhood penalty	A term to describe the price women pay for having children in terms of lower salaries and reduced career progression
Leaky Pipeline	A term to describe the way women often drop out of male dominated careers such as engineering
Patriarchy	A social system where men are in control and hold power and authority both in society and in personal relationships
First wave Feminism	Aimed to reform the social and legal inequalities affecting women. Mid 1800's. Looked for universal female suffrage.
Second wave feminsism	1960's and 70's. Wanted to achieve anti-discrimination policies. Equal Pay Act 1970. Led to fragmentation in the feminist movement
Third wave feminism	More diverse and individualistic form of feminism. Focuses less on laws and political processes and more on individual identities. Criticises the 2nd wave for focusing on white middle class women
Human Capital Theory	Wage and role differences between employees can be explained by the level of skills, knowledge and personal attributes that each employee possesses rather than social inequality or discrimination
Dual systems Theory	2 sources combine to cause the effect. Each reinforces and multiplies the other
Reserve Army of Labour	It is needed for capitalism to create competition and continue the legitimisation of exploitation. A spare pool of people
Ethnocentric	Evaluating other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture
Double Disadvantage	The fact that being female and black may make them twice as disadvantaged
Triple systems Theory	3 sources combine to cause the effect. Each reinforces and multiplies the other
Six Structures of Patriarchy	Walby (post feminist) Paid employment, the house hold, the state, cultural institutions, sexuality and violence against women
Private patriarchy	In the household, within the family
Public patriarchy	In the public sphere ie the workplace
Glass elevator	Men are often promoted faster up the career ladder than women in female dominated careers such as teaching and nursing
Rational choice theory	women have preferences and make rational choices in terms of the type of work they do
Dual Labour Market	The labour market is divided into two segments; primary and secondary
Primary Labour Market	High pay, high status, job security, good working conditions and favorable promotion prospects. Held by dominant groups in society, white men
Secondary labour market	Lower paid jobs with less security, inferior working conditions and fewer opportunities for promotion. Mainly occupied by women and minority groups

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Key concepts - Gender Inequalities

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	Created by Yasmine King over 7 years ago