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Flashcards

Anatomy - Respiratory System

Danica Cuddeford English 70 cards

Cards in this deck (70)

  1. 1What are the functions of the respiratory system?1. movement of air into and out of the body
    2. exchange of gases between blood and
    - lungs to the blood to the cells
    - cells to the blood to the lungs
  2. 2What is the only external portion of the respiratory tract?nose
  3. 3What are the FIVE nasal cavity functions?1. provide opening for respiration
    2. Moisten and warm entering air
    3. Filters incoming air removing dust and dirt particles
    4. Olfaction (smell)
    5. speech
  4. 4What is nose composed of?Bone & hyaline cartilage
    (covered in skin and muscle)
  5. 5What are the nostrils called?External nares
  6. 6What divides the nose?nasal septum
  7. 7What is anterior portion of the nasal cavity composed of?hyaline cartilage
  8. 8What is posterior portion of the nasal cavity formed from? (think bones)vomer, maxillae, palatine bone & portion of ethmoid bone
  9. 9What are 4 main nasal cavity divisions?1. right/left sides of the cavity
    2. Anterior Vestibule
    3. Olfactory Mucosa
    4. Respiratory Mucosa
  10. 10What are the left and right sides of the cavity bordered by?ethmoid, vomer, and cartilage
  11. 11What is the Anterior Vestibule?Skin that is lined with coarse hairs
  12. 12What is the Olfactory Mucosa bordered by?roof of the nasal cavity
  13. 13What does the olfactory mucosa contain?Contains receptors used for smell
  14. 14What type of tissue is Olfactory Mucosa? What does this contain/lack?Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
    Contains: neurons
    Lacks: goblet cells
  15. 15What is the connective tissue portion in the Respiratory Mucosa?Lamina Propria
  16. 16What are the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?Nasal conchae
  17. 17What are the nasal conchae divided by?meatuses (passageway for incoming air to travel along)
  18. 18What are the three nasal conchae and three meatuses?Superior & Middle (composed of ethmoid bone)
    Inferior (composed of other bone)
  19. 19What is the function of the conchae and meatuses?generate air turbulence and to warm incoming air
  20. 20Where does the lacrimal duct open to?nasal cavity inferior to the nasal conchae
  21. 21What are the 4 openings associated with the nasal cavity include?external nares, internal nares, lacrimal duct, paranasal sinuses
  22. 22Where are the paranasal sinuses found? (bones)frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
  23. 23What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?function to warm and moisten air
  24. 24What is sinusitis?When the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses become inflamed
  25. 25What are the total functions of the nose and nasal cavity? (6)1. mucous production
    2. Warming of incoming air
    3. Filtering of incoming air
    4. Moistening incoming air
    5. Facilitates proper speech
    6. smell (olfaction)
  26. 26What does the pharynx wall contain?Contains skeletal muscle and is lined with mucous membrane
  27. 27What is pharynx divided into? (3)1. Nasopharynx
    2. Oropharynx
    3. Laryngopharynx
  28. 28Where is Nasopharynx located?posterior to nasal cavity
  29. 29What is the Nasopharynx formed from?ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
  30. 30What does the Nasopharynx contain? (2)1. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
    2. Uvula
  31. 31What is the function of the uvula?together with the soft palate, the uvula moves SUPERIORLY to block off the nasal cavity preventing food from entering the nasal cavity
  32. 32What open into the nasopharynx?2 internal nares
    2 Eustachian tubes
  33. 33What is the area known as the throat?Oropharynx
  34. 34Where is the oropharynx located?posterior to the oral cavity (mouth)
  35. 35What is the mucosa in the Oropharynx lined with? What does this help to do?Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
    Resists abrasion
  36. 36What is the function of the epiglottis?serves to block the airway (opening of the trachea) during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs (choking)
  37. 37What does the oropharynx serve as?Passageway for food AND air
  38. 38What tonsils are located in the Oropharynx?Lingual and Palatine
  39. 39Where does the Laryngopharynx open to?Larynx and Esophagus
  40. 40Where is the laryngopharynx located?stretches from the epiglottis to the tip of the thyroid cartilage
  41. 41What is the larynx more commonly known as?Voice box
  42. 42What is the Larynx composed of? (besides 1)hyaline cartilage
  43. 43What does the Larynx consist of?Paired (Arytenoid)
    Unpaired (Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis)
  44. 44What is the thyroid composed of? Where is it located? What is it commonly known as?hyaline cartilage
    anterior wall
    adams apple
  45. 45What is the Cricoid cartilage?this is a ring of hyaline cartilage
  46. 46What is the epiglottis formed from? What is the function of this?formed from elastic cartilage
    functions to cover and protect the glottis during swallowing
  47. 47What is the function of the Arytenoid?functions to attach the vocal cords
  48. 48Vocal Cords- Folds - ligaments composed of elastic fibres
    - False (vestibular fold): SUPERIOR fold of membrane - closes larynx, helps to hold your breath
    - True: INFERIOR fold of membrane, pearl white in colour, produce sound by vibrating
    - Glottis: consists of true vocal cords plus opening
  49. 49What is Laryngitis?inflammation of mucosa of the larynx (common in singers)
  50. 50Trachea:- located anterior to the esophagus
    - connects larynx to primary bronchi
    - consists of 20 c-shaped cartilage
    ^open portion of C faces esophagus^
    - Contains goblet cells
  51. 51Describe passageway of bronchial treeprimary branching > secondary branching > tertiary bronchi > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts
  52. 52What increases and decreases as you move from trachea to inner lungdecreasing quantities of cartilage, increasing quantities of smooth muscle
  53. 53How many primary bronchi are there? Contain what?2
    Contain incomplete hyaline cartilage rings
  54. 54What do secondary bronchi contain? How many are in each lung? (what does this relate to)Contain plates of hyaline cartilage
    Left: 2
    Right: 3
    ^ Relation: one secondary bronchi per lobe of lung
  55. 55What do tertiary bronchi contain? What do these branch into?contain irregular plates of hyaline cartilage
    branch into terminal bronchioles
  56. 56What do terminal&respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts lack? What do they contain?lack cartilage and contain only smooth muscle and elastin
  57. 57What alveolar ducts terminate into? Are these included in the bronchial tree?Terminate into alveoli (sire of gas exchange)
    NOT included in bronchial tree
  58. 58Describe change in type of mucosal epithelium as you move from primary to alveoliPrimary bronchi: ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar
    Terminal bronchioles: ciliated simple cuboidal
    Alveolar Ducts: non-ciliated simple squamous
    (Bulk of respiratory tract is lined with ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar)
  59. 59Lungs:- separated by mediastinum
    - Left lobe: 2 (superior&inferior), Cardiac notch (where the heart lies)
    - Right lobe: 3(superior,middle,inferior)
    - contains alveoli
  60. 60Lungs:-surrounded by pleura (serous double membrane): visceral(contacts surface of lung) & parietal(contacts wall of thoracic cavity)
    - Pleural cavity: area between two pleura membranes containing SEROUS FLUID (reduces friction)
    - innervated by the automatic nervous system
  61. 61Respiratory Membrane:- moist, thin, high vascular
    - primary site of gas exchange
    - composed of THREE layers: 2 epithelial fused to basement membrane
    Composed of:
    1. wall of alveolus
    2. wall of capillary
  62. 62Wall of Alveolus:- composed of simple epithelium with 3 cell types
    i. Type 1 Alveolar cells (simple squamous)
    ii. Type 2 (simple cuboidal): secrete surfactant, reduces water tension in alveoli (decreases work of breathing)
    iii. Macrophages (removes dust and debris)
  63. 63Basement Membrane:formed from basement membrane of both alveolus and capillary
  64. 64Wall of Capillary:composed of endothelial cells forming simple squamous epithelial
  65. 65Mycobacterium tuberculosis:- causative agent of tuberculosis
    - Infection with this thickens respiratory membrane
    - Membrane replaced with fibrous connective tissue
  66. 66Bronchial Arteries:- branch off descending aorta
    - carry oxygenated blood to respiratory tissues
    - Pulmonary tissues: NOT ABLE TO EXCHANGE GASES WITH BLOOD THEY ARE CARRYING
    - Blood returns to bronchial vein
    - bulk of blood returns to pulmonary veins
  67. 67Inspiration:-intake of air
    - Regular inhalation: diaphragm and external intercostals contract
    - forced inhalation: diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor & sternocleidomastoids contract
  68. 68Expiration:- Regular: diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
    - Forced: diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals, abdominal muscles contact
  69. 69Clinical ApplicationsPulmonary Edema: accumulation of fluid between cells and alveoli
    Pulmonary Embolism: caused by blockage in pulmonary circulatory route
    Usually caused by:
    blood clot broken free, fat, air
  70. 70Clinical Applications:Pneumothorax: caused by entry of air into pleural cavity, causes lung to collapse
    Emphysema: caused by enlargement&destruction of alveoli, due to inability proteases in the lungs
    Smoking: inhibits PROTEASE INHIBITORS
    results in fewer and much larger alveoli
    elasticity is decreased

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Flashcards on Anatomy - Respiratory System, created by Danica Cuddeford on 30/12/2016.
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