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| Question | Answer |
| What are the three evolutionaryexplanations of phobias? | Ancient fears, Prepotency and Preparedness |
| Explain ancient fears | Acient fears rae those that posed a real threat to our ancestors, Modern day phobias are an exaggeration of this. Marks and Nesse suggested that modern day phobias rarely develop as they did not pose a threat to our ancestors |
| Evaluation of acient fears.. | It is effective in explaining the uneven distribution of phobias. It ignores the acquistion of modern phobias e.g. Needles (link to expectancy bias Davey) |
| Explain prepotency | We have developed an adaptive response of anxiety towards potential threat to increase chance of survival. |
| WHo conducted research into prepotency? | Ohman and Soares. Measured GSR with masked and unmasked pictures. P's who were scared of snakes or spiders showed a high GSR rating for the masked pictures. anxiety before the stimuli is presented in full awareness |
| Explain preparedness | We inherit an innate readiness to learn about dangerous situations, rather than inherting a rigid behavioural response |
| What did Seligman suggest about biological prepardenss? | Animals are biological prepared to rapidly learn the association between a particular stimuli and fear (vicarious reinforcement) |
| What are the two key predicitons of prearedness? | We learn certain fears more rapidly Some fears are harder to unlearn. |
| What research did Minkea et al do? | Found that learning a fear response through observation doesn't take place for all stimuli. A rhesus monkey learnt a fear of snake but not towards a flower |
| What did McNally find? | after conditioning a fear iwth a prepared stimulus e.g. a snake and unprepared stimulus, e.g. a flower he found that both fears were learnt the same speed but prepared were harder to unlearn |
| What is Davey's expectacy bias? | That there is an expectation that fear relevent stimuli will produce negative consequences (e.g. needles) |
| Name a theory to do with culture bias with evolutionary .. | Brown et al- found that phobic disorders were most common among African cultures even when semi economic factors were controlled. (shows that environment/social factors should be taken into consideration) |
| An evolutuonary culture evaluation point | Depends upon the culture your in, people in africa worship spiders, in the uk people are scared of them (if it was evolutionary they would all be the same) |
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