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Description
Flashcards by rebeccamay97, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by rebeccamay97
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the Independent Variable? | The variable that is being manipulated or changed by the experimenter |
| What is the Dependent Variable? | The variable that is being measured by the experimenter. |
| List four extraneous variables. | Situational, Participant, Investigator and Demand Characteristics |
| What are Situational Variables? | Variables associated with the research eg. environment, temperature |
| What are Participant Effects? | These are the variables associated with the participants eg. intelligence, gender |
| What are Investigator Effects? | When the researcher's behaviour influence the research. Eg. leading instructions, body language |
| What are Demand Characteristics? | When participants become aware of what is expected of them in research and act accordingly |
| Define Operationalisation | Ensuring that variables are in a form that can be tested and allows the research to be replicated |
| What are aims? | General statements to help explain the reason why a study is being carried out |
| What is a directional hypothesis? | It predicts the expected direction of the results. |
| What is a non-directional hypothesis? | It simply predicts that there will be a difference between results |
| What are the strengths of a lab experiment? | Less extraneous variables, Easy replication, high internal validity |
| What are the weaknesses of a lab experiment? | Lack ecological validity, demand characteristics |
| What is a lab experiment? | Artificial environment, IV is manipulated by researcher |
| What is a field experiment? | Natural environment, IV manipulated by researcher |
| What are the strengths of a field experiment? | Less demand characteristics, high ecological validity |
| What are the weaknesses of field experiments? | more extraneous variables, ethical issues: deception, lower internal validity |
| What is a natural experiment? | Natural environment, IV occurs naturally |
| What are strengths of a natural experiment? | Behaviour is genuine, high external validity, allows study of otherwise unethical variables |
| What are weaknesses of natural experiments? | Lots of extraneous variables, assignment of participants is not random - hard to interpret results |
| What is Repeated Measures? | The same participant used in both conditions. |
| What are strengths of Repeated Measures? | Participant differences eliminated, uses fewer participants |
| What are the weaknesses of Repeated Measures? | Higher order effects, higher demand characteristics |
| How can you control Repeated Measures? | Order effects controlled through counterbalancing - each condition tested first and second equally |
| What is Independent Groups? | Each participant tests one condition, Allocated randomly |
| What are the strengths of Independent Groups? | No order effects, less demand characteristics |
| What are weaknesses of Independent Groups? | Participant differences, need more participants |
| How can you control Independent Groups? | Randomly allocate participants |
| What is Matched Pairs? | Participants matched closely with another participant |
| What are the strengths of Matched Pairs? | No order effects, less participant differences |
| What are the weaknesses of Matched Pairs? | Difficult to match participants, more participants required |
| How can Matched Pairs be controlled? | Using identical twins minimises participant differences |
| What is random sampling? | Everyone in target population has an equal chance of being selected |
| Strengths of Random sampling | Representative and has high population validity |
| Weaknesses of Random sampling | It may not be truly representative of whole population. Practical limitations |
| What is Opportunity sampling? | Using people who are readily available |
| What are the strengths of opportunity sampling? | Convenient method |
| What are the weaknesses of opportunity sampling? | More likely to be biased, low population validity |
| What is volunteer sampling? | Where participants self-select themselves and volunteer to take part. |
| What are the weaknesses of volunteer sampling? | A particular type of person is likely to volunteer, higher bias. |
| What is a pilot study? | Small scale trial of a research run before the real thing. Tests if there are errors |
| What is a strength of pilot studies? | It can save time and money in the long run |
| What is reliability? | Whether it can be replicated or not |
| What is internal validity? | What is going on inside a study so whether or not the IV produced a change in the DV |
| What is external validity? | Whether the study can be generalised or not eg, ecological, population, historical |
| Name three measures of central tendency | Mean, median and mode. |
| Name two measures of dispersion | Range and Standard Deviation |
| What is a correlation? | An association or relationship between two variables |
| What is a strength of correlational research? | Allows the study of variables that would otherwise be unethical |
| What is a weakness of correlational research? | It is only a link. There is no cause and effect so there may be other variables that are involved |
| Describe Informed Consent | Participants must be told the true aims of the study and must give their full consent to take part |
| Describe Deception | Participants should not be deceived unless necessary. If it is required, great care must be given to project |
| Describe Debriefing | After the research is complete, participants must be debriefed and informed of true motivations |
| Describe Right to Withdraw | Participants must be free to leave the experiment and take data at any time |
| Describe Confidentiality | Any information and data must be kept private and no identifiable data can be published |
| Describe Protection from Harm | The participant should leave study in the same state they entered, psychologically and physically |
| What are the advantages of a naturalistic observation? | Natural behaviour is observed, high in ecological validity |
| What are the disadvantages of a naturalistic observation? | There is little control over extraneous variables |
| What is the advantage of a controlled observation? | Control over extraneous variables |
| What is the disadvantage of controlled observations? | Behaviour may not be natural or normal |
| What are the advantages of a participant observation? | Easier to understand participant's behaviour, high in ecological validity |
| What are the disadvantages of participant observations? | Hard to record observations, Observers can become involved with participants, making data subjective |
| What are the advantages of non-participant observations? | Lack of contact means the observer can remain objective |
| What is the disadvantage of a non-participant observation? | Behaviour may be recorded but the meaning behind it may not be known |
| What are the strengths of interviews? | rich, detailed info; participants struggle to lie; misunderstandings can be clarified |
| What are the weaknesses of interviews? | time consuming, expensive, investigator effects, social desirability bias |
| What is the advantage of open questions? | Rich, detailed data |
| What is the advantages of closed questions? | Produces quantitative data, easier to fill in |
| Strengths of questionnaires | lots of data collected quickly, investigator effects reduced, ethical way to collect data |
| Weaknesses of questionnaires | leading qus, social desirability bias, certain people fill questionnaires (bias), ambiguous qus |
| Strengths of case studies | Produces rich data, high ecological validity |
| Weaknesses of case studies | One off - difficult to replicate/generalise |
| Advantages of quantative data | Easy to analyse, statistics |
| Disadvantage of quantitative data | Oversimplifies reality |
| Advantages of qualitative data | Represents complexity of human behaviour, rich in detail |
| Disadvantages of qualitative data | more difficult to analyse, investigator bias |
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