GoConqr has a new look! Let us know what you think.

Sign up free

Flashcards

Eating Disorders

Jessica Proctor English 86 cards

Cards in this deck (86)

  1. 1What is negative body image?Unrealistic views of how someone sees their body.
  2. 2How is a negative body image formed?Begin forming perceptions of body's attractiveness, health and acceptability in childhood and this continues to form as you age and receive feedback from others.
  3. 3What traits influence the develop of a negative internalised body image?Perfectionism and self-criticism
  4. 4What are the two core factors in eating disorders?Body dissatisfaction and intense fear of weight gain and fat
  5. 5Can people move from one diagnostic category to another?Yes, but the core factors of body dissatisfaction and fear of weight gain remain.
  6. 6What is the biggest cause of relapse?(Fairburn et al, 2008)
    Self-body image disturbance
  7. 7What is the primary target of cognitive therapy?The core beliefs about body image and weight gain.
  8. 8What are the secondary target of cognitive therapy?Associated behaviours such as food restriction, vomiting, laxative use, excessive exercise etc....
  9. 9What does CBT do?Recognises irrational thoughts, analyses them and restructures them to more rational self-talk.
  10. 10What other therapies have been used to treat EDs?Dance and movement therapy
  11. 11How does dance and movement therapy work?Develops a greater trust and appreciation of one's body based on creating internal experiences rather than simply evaluating it aesthetically.
  12. 12What are some EDs?AN, BN, Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS), Binge Eating Disorder (BED), Obesity and Psychogenic Vomiting
  13. 13What is EDNOS?Usually a mixture of AN and BN symptoms, was used up until 2013 DSM-5, made up 50% of EDs. Studies suggested that significant percentage actually had BED so the classification was changed so more people with EDs had a diagnosis that accurately described their symptoms and behaviours.
  14. 14What are some key features of AN?A refusal to maintain a minimal body weight, a pathological fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image in which sufferers continue to insist they are overweight.
  15. 15What are some key features of BN?Fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, periods of binge eating followed by periods of fasting or purging, typical onset is in late adolescence or early adulthood, around 90% of those suffering BN are female.
  16. 16What are some physiological effects of AN?Dry skin and brittle hair, the development of lanugo, the absence of menstrual cycles, kidney and gastrointestinal problems, tiredness, cardiac arrythmias, low blood pressure and slow heartbeats, hypothermia, often resulting in feeling cold in hot environments.
  17. 17What is lanugo?Soft, downy hair over the body
  18. 18What is amenorrhea?Absence of a menstrual cycle
  19. 19What are some physiological effects of BN?Loss of dental enamel, swollen parotid glands (puffy cheeks), menstrual irregularity, kidney and gastrointestinal problems, abnormal heart rhythms, chronic sore throat, oseophageal tears, calluses/scars on the knuckles.
  20. 20How does AN affect the brain and nerves?Can't think right, fear of gaining weight, sad, moody, irritable, bad memory, fainting, changes in brain chemistry.
  21. 21How does AN affect the bloody?Anemia
  22. 22How does AN affect the muscles and joints?Weak muscles, swollen joints, osteopoenia
  23. 23What are the two types of anorexia?Restricted and binge eating/purging
  24. 24What is restricted anorexia?A type of anorexia nervosa in which self-starvation is no associated with constant purging (EG: self-inducing vomiting or use of laxatives)
  25. 25What is binge eating/purging anorexia?A type of ED in which the sufferer regularly engages in purging activities to help control weight gain.
  26. 26What are the prevalence rates of AN?Lifetime PR for famles of 0.5%. Around 90% sufferers are female. PR may differ across cultures and across time.
  27. 27Which psychiatric disorders is AN high comorbid with?MDD and OCD
  28. 28What are the prevalence rates of BN?Lifetime PR of 1-3% among females. Around 90% sufferers are female. Incidence of BN in women in Western cultures appears to be increasing (Keel & Klump, 2003).
  29. 29Which psychiatric disorders is BN high comorbid with?MDD, personality disorders and substance abuse
  30. 30What are the aetiological factors in the development of eating disorders?Biological, sociocultural, media influences, body dissatisfaction, dieting, peer influences, familial factors, life experience, psychological and dispositional factors, neuropsychological profile.
  31. 31What is the current overall PR for EDs?4%
  32. 32What evidence suggests that EDs aren't largely caused by societal pressures?Overall PR of EDs is only 4%, if it were largely caused by societal pressures, this percentage would be higher.
  33. 33What is the estimated heritability for AN?22-76% (Mitchison & Hay, 2014)
  34. 34What is the estimated heritability for BN?52-62% (Mitchison & Hay, 2014)
  35. 35What are the implications of EDs having a genetic basis?May help make better access to care and improved insurance coverage
  36. 36What does a genetic cause for EDs suggest for interventions?May be important to identify those who are susceptible and take preventative measures.
  37. 37What are some other suggested biological factors?Lateral hypothalamus dysfunction, reinforcement by endogenous opioids or serotonin metabolites
  38. 38How is the lateral hypothalamus involved in eating?LH contains primary orixenergic nucleus which mediates processes including the promotion of feeding behaviours and arousal. Works with ventromedial hypothalamus to regulate feeling satiated. Together they operate to keep the body at a specific weight which is termed the 'set point'.
  39. 39How may damage to the lateral hypothalamus result in an ED?Damage alters the 'set point' and eating will then reflect this new set point. If it is lower than normal then a person can starve to death. If it is higher than normal, this can result in obesity.
  40. 40How are endogenous opioids related to eating?Reward related in response to binge eating palatable foods.
  41. 41What is naltrexone and how does it relate to endogenous opioids and binge eating?Local injects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone in reward related brain regions ha been shown to decrease intake of preferred fat and sucrose diets (Naleid et al, 2007).
  42. 42How are serotonin metabolites implicated in eating?They are involved in eating regulation
  43. 43How does BN relate to Western cultures?Rarely found in individuals who have not been exposed to Western ideals (Keel & Klump, 2003).
  44. 44When was BN identified and what may this suggest?1979. May not be an overlooked disorder but rather a new one (Russel, 1997).
  45. 45What cultures has AN been identified?Many, including those who have not been exposed to Western ideals (Keel & Klump, 2003).
  46. 46What group of males have higher ED rates?Those whose body weight and shape are of more significance to them (EG: athletes and dancers)
  47. 47How has American/Western culture interacted with cultural beliefs in a way that may have led to a rise in EDs?Cultural beliefs may have protected ethnic groups against EDs but this may be eroding as adolescents acculturate to mainstream American culture (Punariega, 1986).
  48. 48What are the sociodemographic factors associated with an increased risk of AN and BN?Being young and female (AN & BN), ethnic minority status (BN), less clear association with SES, engagement in sports such as dancing, gymnastics, horse-racing, wrestling, where body weight or leanness is important (AN & BN), modelling (AN)
  49. 49How may female social roles influence risk for ED?Cultures in which female social roles are restricted appear to have lower rates of EDs (EG: Muslims or historical eras where women have less choice). Freedom for women, as well as affluence, are sociocultural factors that may predict the development of EDs (Bemporad, 1997).
  50. 50What life experiences are associated with an increased risk of AN and BN?Victim of physical or sexual abuse, major stressors such as work/study pressures, disruptive events such as moving house and changes in family structure. AN and BN sufferers report more negative life experience than healthy controls (Welch et al, 1997).
  51. 51How do familial factors relate to EDs?Tendency to run in families. May best be understood by considering family dynamics. Sufferer may be embedded in dysfunctional family structure that actively promotes the development of EDs.
  52. 52Families with eating disorders may show at least one of these characteristics...Enmeshment, overprotection, rigidity and lack of conflict resolution
  53. 53What is enmeshment?Families where personal boundaries are diffuse. Over-concern for others leads to a loss of autonomous development.
  54. 54Which personality traits are dispositional factors?Perfectionism, shyness, neuroticism, low self-esteem, high introspective awareness, negative or depressed affect, dependence and non-assertiveness.
  55. 55What inefficiencies in cognitive processing have been observed?Set shifting (SS) and central coherence (CC) (Lang & Tchanturia, 2014)
  56. 56What is set shifting?The ability to move flexibly from one behaviour or mental set to another. The ability to adapt to a changing and unpredictable environment.
  57. 57What is central coherence?The ability to contextualise information and integrate it into the bigger picture.
  58. 58What does weak CC result in?Bias towards details at the expense of global integration
  59. 59What evidence suggests that there is a possible genetic component underlying SS and CC?It has been observed in unaffected relatives (Roberts et al., 2010)
  60. 60What is the IQ of people with AN?Higher IQ than the population norm (110-115)
    (Lopez et al, 2010)
  61. 61What are kind of factors cause a psychological disorder?Predisposing factors - renders vulnerable
    Precipitating factors - triggers onset
    Perpetuating factors - maintain disabling symptoms
    And the absence of protective factors
  62. 62Outline Van den Berg's tripartite multidimensional model of EDs (1995)Effect of influences from media, parents and peers is mediated by internalisation of social ideals and social comparison leading to body dissatisfaction, disordered eating and negative affect.
  63. 63What are some interventions for AN and BN?Preventative measures, physical management (refeeding), medication, CBT and other psychotherapies, family therapy, CBT guided self-help.
  64. 64What are some difficulties for interventions in EDs?Sufferers often deny their disorder/illness and EDs are regularly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders requiring complex treatment.
  65. 65What is the pathway to eating disorders?Relatively healthy body image and eating behaviours to the emergence of body image and eating problems to the development of a clinical eating disorder.
  66. 66When can prevention of eating disorders take place, according to the pathway?When person has a relatively health body image and eating behaviours or when problems begin to emerge.
  67. 67What are three types of preventative intervention?Universal, selective and targeted
  68. 68What are universal interventions?School based programmes and media advertising campaigns
  69. 69What are selective interventions?Towards high risk groups (EG: girls at school aged 12-14)
  70. 70What are targeted interventions?To high risk individuals displaying early symptoms (EG: body image concerns)
  71. 71What treatment has the highest efficacy for AN?Family therapy
  72. 72What treatment has the highest efficacy for BN?CBT and medication
  73. 73Outline Maudsley Family TherapyParents play an active role to help restore child's weight to normal levels. Hand control of eating back to the adolescent and encourage development through in depth discussion of crucial development issues. Parents are an essential resource.
  74. 74How long does Maudsley Family Therapy last?Usually 15-20 sessions over a year
  75. 75What are some pharmacological treatments and how successful are they?Antidepressants are the most common, there is some evidence that they can reduce BN symptoms. Treatments with AN tend to be less successful.
  76. 76How do pharmacological treatments link with relapse?Associated with greater relapse and drop-out than psychological interventions. Best outcomes when drug treatments are combined with CBT programmes.
  77. 77Outline Fairburn's (1997) cognitive behavioural model of bulimiaBN develops and is perpetuated as a result of a vicious cycle of interrelated cognitions and behaviours associated with low self-esteem, extreme concerns about shape and weight, strict dieting, binge eating and self induced vomiting. Has since been expanded to include additional or alternative triggers EG: negative events, perfectionism, dichotomous thinking and poor emotion regulation skills.
  78. 78What are the four stages of Fairburn's (2008) enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy?1. Client engagement - devise formulation
    2. Review and revise original formulation
    3. Address maintaining/perpetuating factors
    4. Relapse prevention, hold positive changes
  79. 79What are the perpetuating factors in Fairburn's (2008) enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy?- Perfectionism
    - Low self-esteem (not restricted to issues about body shape and weight)
    - Mood intolerance (difficulty in coping with emotions)
    - Interpersonal problems (relationship difficulties often concerned with issues of control)
  80. 80Outline the schema activation theory (Walker & Kennerley, 2003)Trigger >immediate interpretation (process coloured by existing schema) > schema activated > problem reaction
    EG: colleage 'you look well' > he thinks I look fat > sense of ugliness, phys and cog responses > emotional responses
  81. 81What is cognitive remediation therapy?Consists of mental exercises aimed at improving cognitive strategies, thinking skills and information processing through practice. Promotes reflection on thinking styles. Encourages meta cognition. Helps to explore new thinking strategies and attempts to address SS and CC in EDs.
  82. 82What is cognitive remediation therapy particularly useful for?Treating AN
  83. 83What are family therapies based on?The view that EDs hide important conflicts within the family
  84. 84Common processes or maintaining factors are...Common across all eating disorders
  85. 85What is the transdiagnostic model?Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural model by Fairburn (2008)
    - Dysfunction sense of self evaluation is central
    - Self worth is defined by control over eating, weight and shape
    - Leads to dietary restraint
    - Low self-esteem, perfectionism and mood intolerance
  86. 86What are the predictors of better outcomes for AN?Lower age, shorter duration of illness, being employed, not taking psychotropic medication and better social adjustment (Le Grange et al., 2014).

Information

Description
Undergraduate clinical psychology exams
Created by
Jessica Proctor
Views
0
History
  • Created by Emily Robinson · May 5, 2016
  • Copied by Jessica Proctor · Jan 23, 2017
Rating

Feedback

What is it about?

What do you think of the new look?

How do you like it?