Flashcards
Test 3: Feb 8 (Modules 40,41,42)
Cards in this deck (28)
- 1The stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our ______________ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration ______________ (increase/decrease). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal ______________. The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the ______________ - ______________ - ______________response.sympathetic; increase; muscles; fight-or-flight
- 2The field of ______________ studies mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health.psychoneuroimmunology
- 3What general effect does stress have on our overall health?Stress tends to reduce our immune system’s ability to function properly, so that higher stress generally leads to greater incidence of physical illness.
- 4Which component of the Type A personality has been linked most closely to coronary heart disease?Feeling angry and negative much of the time.
- 5How does Type D personality differ from Type A?Type D individuals experience distress rather than anger, and they tend to suppress their negative emotions to avoid social disapproval.
- 6What events provoke stress responses, and how do we respond and adapt to stress?Stress is the process by which we appraise and respond to stressors (catastrophic events, significant life changes, and daily hassles) that challenge or threaten us. Walter Cannon viewed the stress response as a “fight-or-flight” system. Hans Selye proposed a general three-phase (alarm-resistance-exhaustion) general adaptation syndrome (GAS). Facing stress, women may have a tend-and-befriend response; men may withdraw socially, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive.
- 7How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?Health psychology is a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine. Psychoneuroimmunologists study mind-body interactions, including stress-related physical illnesses, such as hypertension and some headaches. Stress diverts energy from the immune system, inhibiting the activities of its B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. Stress does not cause diseases such as AIDS and cancer, but by altering our immune functioning it may make us more vulnerable to them and influence their progression.
- 8Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?Coronary heart disease, the United States’ number one cause of death, has been linked with the reactive, anger-prone Type A personality. Compared with relaxed, easygoing Type B personalities, Type A people secrete more stress hormones. Chronic stress also contributes to persistent inflammation, which heightens the risk of clogged arteries and depression.
- 9To cope with stress, we tend to use ____________ -focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we feel in control of our world, and _____________ -focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we believe we cannot change a situation.problem; emotion
- 10What are some of the tactics we can use to manage successfully the stress we cannot avoid?Aerobic exercise, relaxation procedures, mindfulness meditation, and religious engagement
- 11In what two ways do people try to alleviate stress?We use problem-focused coping to change the stressor or the way we interact with it. We use emotion-focused coping to avoid or ignore stressors and attend to emotional needs related to stress reactions.
- 12How does a perceived lack of control affect health?A perceived lack of control provokes an outpouring of hormones that put people’s health at risk. Being unable to avoid repeated aversive events can lead to learned helplessness. People who perceive an internal locus of control achieve more, enjoy better health, and are happier than those who perceive an external locus of control.
- 13How can our self-control be depleted, and why is it important to build this strength?Exercising willpower temporarily depletes the mental energy needed for self-control on other tasks. Self-control requires attention and energy, but it predicts good adjustment, better grades, and social success.
- 14How does an optimistic outlook affect health and longevity?Studies of people with an optimistic outlook show that their immune system is stronger, their blood pressure does not increase as sharply in response to stress, their recovery from heart bypass surgery is faster, and their life expectancy is longer, compared with their pessimistic counterparts.
- 15How does social support promote good health?Social support promotes health by calming us, reducing blood pressure and stress hormones, and by fostering stronger immune functioning.
- 16How effective is aerobic exercise as a way to manage stress and improve well-being?Aerobic exercise is sustained, oxygen-consuming activity that increases heart and lung fitness. It increases arousal, leads to muscle relaxation and sounder sleep, triggers the production of neurotransmitters, and enhances self-image. It can relieve depression and, in later life, is associated with better cognitive functioning and longer life.
- 17In what ways might relaxation and meditation influence stress and health?Relaxation and meditation have been shown to reduce stress by relaxing muscles, lowering blood pressure, improving immune functioning, and lessening anxiety and depression. Massage therapy also relaxes muscles and reduces depression.
- 18What is the faith factor, and what are some possible explanations for the link between faith and health?The faith factor is the finding that religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active. Possible explanations may include the effect of intervening variables, such as the healthy behaviors, social support, or positive emotions often found among people who regularly attend religious services.
- 19Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. “Slow down! What a terrible driver,” he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, “Wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out here.” What social psychology principle has Marco just demonstrated? Explain.By attributing the other person’s behavior to the person (“he’s a terrible driver”) and his own to the situation (“these roads are awful”), Marco has exhibited the fundamental attribution error.
- 20How do our attitudes and our actions affect each other?Our attitudes often influence our actions as we behave in ways consistent with our beliefs. However, our attitudes also follow our actions; we come to believe in what we have done.
- 21When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ___________ ___________ theory attempts to explain why.cognitive dissonance
- 22What do social psychologists study? How do we tend to explain others’ behavior and our own?Social psychologists use scientific methods to study how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. They study the social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations. When explaining others’ behavior, we may—especially if we come from an individualist Western culture—commit the fundamental attribution error, by underestimating the influence of the situation and overestimating the effects of stable, enduring traits. When explaining our own behavior, we more readily attribute it to the influence of the situation.
- 23How do attitudes and actions interact?Attitudes are feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in certain ways. Peripheral route persuasion uses incidental cues (such as celebrity endorsement) to try to produce fast but relatively thoughtless changes in attitudes. Central route persuasion offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses. When other influences are minimal, attitudes that are stable, specific, and easily recalled can affect our actions.
Actions can modify attitudes, as in the foot-in-the-door phenomenon (complying with a large request after having agreed to a small request) and role playing (acting a social part by following guidelines for expected behavior). When our attitudes don’t fit with our actions, cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we will reduce tension by changing our attitudes to match our actions. - 24Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. “Slow down! What a terrible driver,” he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, “Wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out here.” What social psychology principle has Marco just demonstrated? Explain.By attributing the other person’s behavior to the person (“he’s a terrible driver”) and his own to the situation (“these roads are awful”), Marco has exhibited the fundamental attribution error.
- 25How do our attitudes and our actions affect each other?Our attitudes often influence our actions as we behave in ways consistent with our beliefs. However, our attitudes also follow our actions; we come to believe in what we have done.
- 26When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ___________ ___________ theory attempts to explain why.cognitive dissonance
- 27What do social psychologists study? How do we tend to explain others’ behavior and our own?Social psychologists use scientific methods to study how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. They study the social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations. When explaining others’ behavior, we may—especially if we come from an individualist Western culture—commit the fundamental attribution error, by underestimating the influence of the situation and overestimating the effects of stable, enduring traits. When explaining our own behavior, we more readily attribute it to the influence of the situation.
- 28How do attitudes and actions interact?Attitudes are feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in certain ways. Peripheral route persuasion uses incidental cues (such as celebrity endorsement) to try to produce fast but relatively thoughtless changes in attitudes. Central route persuasion offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses. When other influences are minimal, attitudes that are stable, specific, and easily recalled can affect our actions.
Actions can modify attitudes, as in the foot-in-the-door phenomenon (complying with a large request after having agreed to a small request) and role playing (acting a social part by following guidelines for expected behavior). When our attitudes don’t fit with our actions, cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we will reduce tension by changing our attitudes to match our actions.
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- PSYC 1010 Test 3 Flashcards on Test 3: Feb 8 (Modules 40,41,42), created by Gurpreet Singh on 28/01/2017.
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- Gurpreet Singh
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