751805
| Question | Answer |
| List the stages of: sensorimotor (0-2 years) | 6 stages: 1. Simple Reflexes 2. First habits & Primary Circular Reaction 3. Secondary Circular Reaction 4. Coordination of secondary circular reaction 5. Tertiary Circular reaction 6. Internalization of Schemes |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Sucking, palmer grasp | Simple Reflexes (0-6 weeks) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Coordinating separate actions | First Habits & Primary Circular Reaction (6 weeks to 4 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Beginning of classical and operant conditioning | First Habits and Primary Circular Reaction (6 weeks to 4 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? More object oriented | Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Beyond self-preoccupation | Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Intentional grasping in direction of desired object | Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Differentiation between means and end | Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Dawn of logic | Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Coordination of schemes and intentions | Coordination of Secondary Circular Reaction (8-12 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Hand eye coordination | Coordination of Secondary Circular Reaction (8-12 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? First proper intelligence | Coordination of Secondary Circular Reaction (8-12 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Deliberate planning of steps to meet an objective | Coordination of Secondary Circular Reaction (8-12 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Novelty and curiosity intrigued by many things that they can make happen | Tertiary Circular Reaction (12-18 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Discovery of new means to meet goals | Tertiary Circular Reaction (12-18 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Young scientists conducting pseudo experiments to discover new methods to meet challenges | Tertiary Circular Reaction (12 -18 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Dropping a toy repeatedly and observing where it falls | Tertiary Circular Reaction (12-18 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Use primitive symbols and form enduring mental representation | Internalization of Schemes (18-24 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Beginning of insight and true creativity | Internalization of Schemes (18-24 months) |
| What sub-stage of development does this concept belong to? Object permanence | Internalization of Schemes (18-24 months) |
| An action and response that both involve the child's own body is an example of what type of reaction? | Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 months) |
| An action that gets a response from another person or object, leading to the child repeating the original action is an example of what type of reaction? | Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 months) |
| An action that gets a pleasing result, leading child to perform similar actions to get similar results is an example of what type of reaction? | Tertiary Circular Reaction (12-18 months) |
| When a child cannot mentally manipulate information or do mental tasks, they in what stage of cognitive development? | Pre operational (2-7 years) |
| When a child can increase in play and pretending but cannot see different points of view they are in what stage of cognitive development? | Pre operational (2-7 years) |
| When a child's play is characterized by symbolic play they are in what stage of cognitive development? | Pre operational (2-7 years) |
| When a child is not logical, they have stable concepts with magical beliefs they are in what stage of cognitive development? | Pre operational (2-7 years) |
| When a child is egocentric and unable to take other points of view they are in what stage of cognitive development? | Pre operational (2-7 years) |
| What are the two sub-stages of pre operational development? | Symbolic Function (2-4 years) and intuitive thought (4-7 years) |
| When a child cannot yet manipulate and transform information in a logical way but can think in images and symbols they are in what sub-stage of development? | Symbolic function of pre operational (2-4 years) |
| When a child can use language and pretend play they are in what sub stage of cognitive development? | Symbolic function of pre operational (2-4 years) |
| When a child can develop imaginary friends and role play with friends they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Symbolic function of pre operational (2-4 years) |
| When a child participates in social play and assigns roles to each other, they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Symbolic function of pre operational (2-4 years) |
| When a child is limited by egocentrism they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Symbolic function of pre operational (2-4 years) |
| When a child experiences pre-causal thinking (use own existing ideas to explain cause and effect relationship), they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Symbolic function of pre operational (2-4 years) |
| When a child experiences animism, (inanimate objects are capable of life like qualities), they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Symbolic function of pre operational (2-4 years) |
| When a child is experiencing artificialism where environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions, they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Symbolic function of pre operational (2-4 years) |
| When a child uses transductive reasoning, where they reason from specific to specific and draw relation from two separate events, they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Symbolic function of pre-operational (2-4 years) |
| When a child is curious and asks questions they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Intuitive thought of pre operational (4-7 years) |
| When a child uses primitive reasoning they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Intuitive thought of pre operational (4-7 years) |
| When a child wants to know why (have vast amount of knowledge but unaware of how they acquired it), they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Intuitive thought of pre operational (4-7 years) |
| When a child uses centration (concentrating on one limited aspect and ignores other aspects), they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Intuitive thought of pre operational (4-7 years) |
| When a child has an incomplete understanding of transformation, they are in what sub-stage of cognitive development? | Intuitive thought of pre operational (4-7 years) |
| When a child masters conservation, they are the end of which sub-stage of cognitive development? | Intuitive thought of pre operational (4-7 years) |
| When a child has an appropriate use of logic they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child is able to solve problems in a logical manner but abstract thinking hasn't developed, they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete Operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child struggles with deductive reasoning, they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child can classify objects by number, mass and weight they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child can fluently perform mathematical problems (add/sub), they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| Conservation occurs in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child is able to decentre and look at other aspects, they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child can perform reversibility they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child can perform seriation (colour gradient, sort according to size), they are in what stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child can classify and create sets, they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child has eliminated egocentrism and are able to look at other perspectives, they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child has acquired logic but the concept of time and speed is not fully developed, they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Concrete operational (7-11 years) |
| When a child has abstract concepts they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Formal operational (14 and up) |
| When a child can use hypothetical deductive reasoning, they are in which stage of cognitive development? | Formal Operational (14 and up) |
| List Piaget's stages of development | 1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2) 2. Pre operational (2-7) 3. Concrete operational (7-11) 4. Formal Operational (14 and up) |
| What must be mastered for a child to move on from sensorimotor? | object permanence |
| What must be mastered for a child to move on from pre operational? | conservation |
| What must be mastered for a child to move on from concrete operational? | classification |
| % of infants who experienced interest and joy by first month | most |
| % of infants who experienced anger by first month | 84% |
| % of infants who experienced surprise by first month | 75% |
| % of infants who experienced fear by first month | 54% |
| % of infants who experienced sadness by first month | 34% |
| Who developed the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System? | Carroll Izard |
| According to the MAX system, what emotions were experienced at birth? | Interest, distress, and disgust |
| According to the MAX system, what emotions were experienced at 1 month? | Social smile, anger, surprise, sadness |
| According to the MAX system, what emotions were experienced at 7 months? | fear, shame, shyness |
| According to the MAX system, what emotions were experienced at 25 months? | contempt, guilt |
| What is it called when a baby smiles at the right time to receive a response? | Learning Factor |
| The limbic system requires what other part of the brain to develop to increase the range in emotion? | Frontal lobes |
| At what age does the limbic system begin to grow? | 9-10 months |
| Which part of the brain is active in the first 3 months? | cerebral cortex |
| Who conducted the experiment on infant jealousy? | Sybil Hart |
| What does attachment refer to? | The intimate emotional bonds that infants develop with their parents/primary caregivers |
| How is trust developed? | Creating places where babies' needs are consistently met and caregivers respond quickly |
| Who believed that babies attach to their mothers because mothers feed them? | Freud |
| What is the Ethological Approach? | The study of animals to discover their responses to the environment, physiological make-up, communication abilities and evolutionary aspects |
| What theory believes that behaviour is influenced by biology ? | Ethological approach |
| What theory believes that behaviours emerge during critical or sensitive periods? | Ethological Approach |
| Who developed the concept of imprinting and critical periods? | Lorenz |
| Who developed the concept of attachment being an innate bond between infant and caregiver? | Bowlby |
| Who discovered feeding is not a source of attachment? | Harlow |
| Who thought that attachment relationships where a survival mechanism? | Bowlby |
| How many people do infants 18 months old develop a close relationship with? | one person or very few people |
| What role do attachment figures provide according to Bowlby? | A secure base from which infant could safely explore and return to if needed |
| Who believed that the early relationship not only leads to the development of particular styles of relating, carried into other relationships throughout life, but also forms the bedrock of personality? | Bowlby |
| Who's theory is classical conditioning? | Watson |
| Who's theory is operant conditioning? | Skinner |
| What theory is defined as the consequence of a behaviour produces changes in the probability of the behaviours occurrence. A behaviour followed by a reward is more likely to occur. | Operant Conditioning |
| Who believed that when adults pick up babies when they cry reinforces the crying and produces a child cries to get what they want | Skinner |
| Who believed that babies who receive responses cry less and are more self-sufficient in later infancy? | Ainsworth |
| Who discovered the social smile decreases with unresponsive adults? | Bowlby |
| An infants internal working model is organized around the.....of their caregiver | accessibility and responsiveness |
| Organization is developed in response to infant's experience of ...... | the outcomes of their proximity seeking behaviours |
| if the caregiver is accepting of these proximity seeking behaviours and grants access, the infant develops..... | a secure organization |
| if the caregiver consistently denies the infant access, an........organization develops | avoidant |
| if caregiver inconsistently grants access, an ......... organization develops | ambivalent |
| What age do babies begin to protest when their mothers leave? | 8 months |
| The desire to be near the attachment figure is called... | proximity maintenance |
| Define safe haven | Returning to attachment figure for comfort and safety in face of fear and threat |
| When the attachment figure is the security base from which the child explores their environment, it is called | Secure base |
| Define separation distress | Anxiety in the absence of the attachment figure |
| Around what age do children experience an increase in cognitive ability? | 7 months |
| At what age do infants have an increase in memory? | 7 months |
| At what age do infants recognize the familiar? | 7 months |
| At what age do children anticipate and predict events? | 7 months |
| At what age does an unexpected event cause fear? | 7 months |
| At what age does more experience with strangers create less anxiety? | 7 months |
| At what age does separation anxiety peak for the second time? | 14 months |
| What age does the first separation anxiety take place? | 7-8 months |
| Who developed the strange situation protocol? | Ainsworth |
| What types of attachment were discovered as a result of the strange situation protocol experiment? | 1. Secure 2. Insecure avoidant 3. Insecure ambivalent/resistant 4. Disorganized/disoriented |
| The basic sounds that can be combined to produce a word are called? | Phonology |
| The smallest language unit that has a meaning are called? | Morphemes |
| The rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences are called? | Semantics |
| What are the two rules within semantics? | Past situation and current situation |
| List the 3 concepts within language development? | Speech comprehension, speech production, and comprehension precedes production |
| What is the rate of comprehension progress for infants? | 2 new words per month |
| What is the rate of production progress once infants are talking? | 9 new words per month |
| sounds, facial expressions and imitation are what form of communication? | Prelinguistic communication |
| Define babbling for 2-3 to 1 year | speech like meaningless words, same vowel sound over and over with changing pitch |
| When a child babbles with with the addition of a consonant sound they are how old? | 5 months |
| At what age does babbling reflect the sound of the language the child has been exposed to? | 6 months |
| Which form of communication does babbles with hands refer to? | Deafness |
| Which form of communication does using gestures to support speech refer to? | Deafness |
| At what age is the first word spoken at? | 10-14 months |
| How many words can a 15 month old speak? | less than 10 words |
| At what age does the one word stage end at? | 18 months |
| At what age can a child speak 50 to 400 words? | 16-24 months |
| When one word stands for a whole phrase | Holophrases |
| At what age is a child using two word sentences? | 19 months |
| How many months span the progression of first word spoken to two words linking? | 8-12 months after first spoken word |
| At what age do two words follow the same sequence as adult speech? | 24 months |
| What is the sequence of adult speech? | subject, verb, object |
| Leaving out unnecessary words is characteristic of what form of speech? | telegraphic speech |
| By 26 months what is a child's speech like? | two connecting words (no bed) |
| By 29 months what is a child's speech like? | three connecting words (not go bed) |
| By 32 months what is a child's speech like? | 4 connecting words (i not go bed) |
| By 2 35 months what is a child's speech like? | 5 connecting words with logical sequencing (i not go to bed) |
| When one word stands for one object and will not represent a new object of similar characteristics, what is the child experiencing? | underextension |
| when words are used too broadly what is the child experiencing? | overextension |
| When language is used to label objects it is called? | Referential style |
| When language is used to express feelings about self and others it is called? | expressive style |
| What culture uses referential style and names objects? | North America |
| What culture uses expressive style and speaks about social interactions? | Japan |
| At what age does the language boom end? | 2-3 years |
| What age group experiences an increase in sentence length? | Preschool |
| Ways to comine words and phrases to form sentences is known as | syntax |
| At what age does a child have a vocabulary of 14,000 words? | 6 years |
| What is the rate that preschoolers acquire vocabulary? | one new word every 2 hours, 24 hours a day |
| What technique is used by preschoolers to accomplish language progression? | Fast Mapping, when new words are associated with their meaning only after a brief encounter |
| At what age can children routinely use plurals and possessive form nouns | 3 years |
| at what age can children employ past tense | 3 years |
| What are the two concepts of Vygotsky's theory of speech? | private and social speech |
| when a child uses...... to guide behaviour or thought | private speech |
| when a child can communicate with themselves and try out ideas | private speech |
| When a child facilitates thinking and helps control behaviour | private speech |
| aids in problem solving and self regulation | private speech |
| When private speech is used to practice skills required in conversation | pragmatics |
| define pragmatics | communicating effectively and appropriately with others using language |
| when speech is directed towards another person | social speech |
| what age does social speech emerge | 3 years |
| which theorist believed a child's speech is egocentric | piaget |
| at what age can children speak 8000 to 14,000 words | 6 years |
| at what age can child speak 19,000 words | 9-11 years |
| What age does simple reflexes occur | 0-6 weeks |
| what age does first habits and primary circular reaction happen? | 6 weeks to 4 months |
| what age does secondary circular reaction happen? | 4-8 months |
| what age does coordination of secondary circular reaction happen? | 8-12 months |
| what age does tertiary circular reaction occur? | 12-18 months |
| what age does internalization of mental schemes occur? | 18-24 months |
| When a child lays on their stomach and is able to wiggle their arms and legs they are how old? | 1-3 months |
| When a child is laying on their stomach and try to lift their head they are how old? | 1-3 months |
| When a child propels backwards they are how old? | 1-3 months |
| When a child has developed a grasp reflex they are how old? | 1-3 months |
| When a child prefers patterns, curved lines and mom's face they are how old? | 1-3 months |
| When a child coordinates their limb movement they are how old? | 3-4 months |
| When a child performs precise grasping (palmer) they are how old? | 3-4 months |
| When a child moves in a particular direction they are how old? | 6 months |
| When a child can sit without support they are how old? | 6 months |
| When a child's visual depth perception is similar to adults they are how old? | 6 months |
| When a child can stand without support they are how old? | 7 months |
| When a child's hand preference first appears they are how old? | 7 months |
| When a child is crawling they are how old? | 8-10 months |
| When a child can use pincer grasp they are how old? | 8-10 months |
| When a child can distinguish faces of different humans they are how old? | 8-10 months |
| When a child can stand alone they are how old? | 11 months |
| When a child's pincer grasp is perfected they are how old? | 11 months |
| When a child can walk alone they are how old? | 12 months |
| When a child is able to lift and stack large items they are how old? | 14 months |
| When a child's binocular vision has fully developed they are how old? | 14 months |
| When a child can walk up the steps one foot at a time they are how old? | 16 months |
| When a child can participate in drawing they are how old? | 16 months |
| When a child can jump in place they are how old? | 24 months |
| When a child can hold a cup an drink without spilling they are how old? | 24 months |
| When a child can walk up steps with alternating feet they are how old? | 36 months |
| When a child can undo their clothes they are how old? | 36 months |
| When a child has well controlled movements they are how old? | 48 months |
| When a child can fold paper they are how old? | 48 months |
| When a child is perfecting their tripod grasp they are how old? | 48 months |
| Which stage of morality believes rules are unchangeable | Heteronomous |
| What age does the heteronomous stage of morality occur? | 4-7 years |
| What stage of morality believes in the concept of imminent justice; broken rule=immediate punishment? | Heteronomous |
| Which theorist believed in the Heteronomous stage of morality? | Piaget |
| Which stage of morality believes that rules are changeable but there is a right way to play? | Incipient cooperation |
| Which stage of morality believes that formal rules apply? | Incipient cooperation |
| What age does incipient cooperation occur at? | 7-10 |
| Which theorist believed in incipient cooperation? | Piaget |
| Which stage of morality believes that formal rules can be modified? | Autonomous Cooperation |
| What age does autonomous cooperation occur? | 10 + years |
| Which theorist believed in Autonomous cooperation? | Piaget |
| Which stage of morality believes in rigid rules based on reward and punishment? | Preconventional |
| Which theorist believes in the pre conventional stage of morality? | Kholberg |
| Which stage of morality believes in own position as good and responsible will do things out of guilt and favour? | Conventional |
| Which theorist believes in the conventional stage of morality? | Kholberg |
| Which stage of morality uses own principles regarding right or wrong? | Post conventional |
| Which theorist believed in the post conventional stage of morality? | Kholberg |
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