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| Question | Answer |
| EWT- Eye witness testimony | legal term, an account given by people of an event they have witnessed |
| Factors affecting EWT | Anxiety Age Misleading information |
| Anxiety research: | Loftus et al investigate the presence of a weapon in a crime on the recall of events |
| Loftus et al Method: | 36 paid university student volunteers deceived split into two groups and eye movements monitored Showed 18 slides of a man queuing at cashier in restaurant towards the end 4 slides showed man with cheque/ gun and receiving money |
| loftus et al: findings | (asked towrite notes about slides + give a description of the man- identify him out of 12 photos and how confident they were) only 11.1% ppts in gun condition identified man correctly.38.9% with cheque. ppts fixated on the gun more often and for longer than cheque |
| Loftus et al: conclusion | presence of weapon narrowed the focus of visual attention resulting in poorer EWT |
| Loftus et al: Evaluation | lab studies of weapon- not as stressful as real-life... can not generalise to real-world situations novelty of gun?- rather than anxiety? banana could have the same effect |
| Yuille and Cutshall | testimonies from witnesses of real-life gunfight in Canada |
| Yuille and Cutshall | witnesses compared with interviews 4/5 months later. Recall impressive. those who were most distressed were the most accurate. (DIFFERENT TO LOFTUS ET AL) witnesses who were most upset were keen to help investigation- could explain difference in results |
| Christianson and Hubinette | testimonies from witnesses to no. of diff bank robberies in stockholm were analysed. recall better from those who had experienced most anxiety (directly involved) rather than ewt by bystanders |
| Evaluation of real life studies | -high ecological validity - lack of control over evs= harder to determine cause and effect - some ethical issues=causing distress to ppts, revisiting unpleasant memories |
| Factors effecting EWT: Age | Goodman and reed Flin et al Yarmey Cohen and Faulkner |
| Effects of age: Goodman and reed | 3/6/22 year olds spent 5 mins being videotaped in company of male stranger told study to investigate age differences in learning |
| Goodman and reed: method | man asked questions and taught them a serious of movements 4/5 days later asked to free recall all they could remember, complete questionnaire that included suggestive questions, identify the man from 5 photos |
| Goodman and reed: findings | 6/22 year olds recall better than 3 year olds suggestive questions- resistance to suggestion increased with age free recall- amount and accuracy increased with age 6/22 year olds better at photo identification than 3 year olds |
| Goodman and reed: conclusion | trust 6 yr old and adults recall equally, the younger the child more suggestible they are and less remembered in general |
| Goodman and reed: evaluation | some 3 yr olds wanted parents there- situation may have been stressful/ caused anxiety (distracting) way in which memory was tested not suitable for that age group |
| Yarmey | 80% of elderly ppts failed to mention weapon (knife) compared to 20% of young adults |
| Cohen and Faulkner | middle aged/elderly ppts shown film of kidnapping- then read account of event. 1/2 read account with misleading information. elderly ppts were more likely to make errors after misleading info |
| Reasons for children's differences in EWT | possession of prior knowledge wanting to please interviewer |
| Misleading information | Loftus and Palmer Loftus |
| Loftus and Palmer | effect of leading questions on accuracy of EWT |
| Loftus and Palmer: method | 45 students, shown 7 clips of car accidents, then divided into 5 groups. asked to estimate how fast cars were travelling when they 'hit'/ 'collided with'/ 'bumped into'/ 'smashed into'/ 'contacted with' |
| Loftus et Palmer: findings | estimates of speeds varied according to the verb. smashed into produced highest (40mph) contacted with lowest (30mph) |
| Loftus and Palmer: findings pt 2+ conclusion | follow up experiment- students asked whether they had seen any broken glass (there wasn't any) 32% of smashed into grp said yes... 14% in hit grp Conclusion: changing verb affects both speed and details recalled |
| Loftus: clip of car | ppts watched clip of car travelling through the countryside. then asked how fast car was going when passed the stop sign. / how fast car was going when it passed the barn. there was no barn |
| Evaluation of misleading information | Post event influences can mislead people into recalling things they have not witnessed- questioning validity high degree of control- cause and effect lab experiments may lack realism + ecological validity |
| The Cognitive Interview- CIS | errors in EWT... lead to development of CIS |
| CIS- stages | there are 4 designed to enhance quality and quantity of information |
| CIS- stage 1 | Recreating context- weather/lighting/smells/ sounds/emotions |
| CIS- stage 2 | Reporting the event- witness old to report absolutely everything they can remember, even if seems irrelavent |
| CIS- stage 3 | Recall in different orders- event in reverse |
| CIS- stage 4 | Change perspectives- witness describes scene from position of one or more of other people at scene |
| CIS- first two stages | based on cue-dependent forgetting retrieval aided by external context and internal personal states. recreating these - recall improved |
| CIS- second two stages | enable witnesses to think about events in ways that may enrich recall- different routes taken |
| Research into CIS | Geiselman et al Fisher et al Bekerian and Dennett |
| Geiselman et al: aim | investigate whether CIS improves EWT |
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