Flashcards
Cognitive Psychology- memory pt2
Cards in this deck (37)
- 1EWT- Eye witness testimonylegal term, an account given by people of an event they have witnessed
- 2Factors affecting EWTAnxiety
Age
Misleading information - 3Anxiety research:Loftus et al
investigate the presence of a weapon in a crime on the recall of events - 4Loftus et al Method:36 paid university student volunteers
deceived
split into two groups and eye movements monitored
Showed 18 slides of a man queuing at cashier in restaurant
towards the end 4 slides showed man with cheque/ gun and receiving money - 5loftus et al: findings(asked towrite notes about slides + give a description of the man- identify him out of 12 photos and how confident they were)
only 11.1% ppts in gun condition identified man correctly.38.9% with cheque.
ppts fixated on the gun more often and for longer than cheque - 6Loftus et al: conclusionpresence of weapon narrowed the focus of visual attention resulting in poorer EWT
- 7Loftus et al: Evaluationlab studies of weapon- not as stressful as real-life... can not generalise to real-world situations
novelty of gun?- rather than anxiety? banana could have the same effect - 8Yuille and Cutshalltestimonies from witnesses of real-life gunfight in Canada
- 9Yuille and Cutshallwitnesses compared with interviews 4/5 months later. Recall impressive. those who were most distressed were the most accurate. (DIFFERENT TO LOFTUS ET AL) witnesses who were most upset were keen to help investigation- could explain difference in results
- 10Christianson and Hubinettetestimonies from witnesses to no. of diff bank robberies in stockholm were analysed. recall better from those who had experienced most anxiety (directly involved) rather than ewt by bystanders
- 11Evaluation of real life studies-high ecological validity
- lack of control over evs= harder to determine cause and effect
- some ethical issues=causing distress to ppts, revisiting unpleasant memories - 12Factors effecting EWT: AgeGoodman and reed
Flin et al
Yarmey
Cohen and Faulkner - 13Effects of age: Goodman and reed3/6/22 year olds spent 5 mins being videotaped in company of male stranger
told study to investigate age differences in learning - 14Goodman and reed: methodman asked questions and taught them a serious of movements
4/5 days later asked to free recall all they could remember, complete questionnaire that included suggestive questions, identify the man from 5 photos - 15Goodman and reed: findings6/22 year olds recall better than 3 year olds
suggestive questions- resistance to suggestion increased with age
free recall- amount and accuracy increased with age
6/22 year olds better at photo identification than 3 year olds - 16Goodman and reed: conclusiontrust 6 yr old and adults recall equally, the younger the child more suggestible they are and less remembered in general
- 17Goodman and reed: evaluationsome 3 yr olds wanted parents there- situation may have been stressful/ caused anxiety (distracting)
way in which memory was tested not suitable for that age group - 18Yarmey80% of elderly ppts failed to mention weapon (knife) compared to 20% of young adults
- 19Cohen and Faulknermiddle aged/elderly ppts shown film of kidnapping- then read account of event. 1/2 read account with misleading information. elderly ppts were more likely to make errors after misleading info
- 20Reasons for children's differences in EWTpossession of prior knowledge
wanting to please interviewer - 21Misleading informationLoftus and Palmer
Loftus - 22Loftus and Palmereffect of leading questions on accuracy of EWT
- 23Loftus and Palmer: method45 students, shown 7 clips of car accidents, then divided into 5 groups. asked to estimate how fast cars were travelling when they 'hit'/ 'collided with'/ 'bumped into'/ 'smashed into'/ 'contacted with'
- 24Loftus et Palmer: findingsestimates of speeds varied according to the verb. smashed into produced highest (40mph) contacted with lowest (30mph)
- 25Loftus and Palmer: findings pt 2+ conclusionfollow up experiment- students asked whether they had seen any broken glass (there wasn't any) 32% of smashed into grp said yes... 14% in hit grp
Conclusion: changing verb affects both speed and details recalled - 26Loftus: clip of carppts watched clip of car travelling through the countryside. then asked how fast car was going when passed the stop sign. / how fast car was going when it passed the barn. there was no barn
- 27Evaluation of misleading informationPost event influences can mislead people into recalling things they have not witnessed- questioning validity
high degree of control- cause and effect
lab experiments may lack realism + ecological validity - 28The Cognitive Interview- CISerrors in EWT... lead to development of CIS
- 29CIS- stagesthere are 4 designed to enhance quality and quantity of information
- 30CIS- stage 1Recreating context- weather/lighting/smells/ sounds/emotions
- 31CIS- stage 2Reporting the event- witness old to report absolutely everything they can remember, even if seems irrelavent
- 32CIS- stage 3Recall in different orders- event in reverse
- 33CIS- stage 4Change perspectives- witness describes scene from position of one or more of other people at scene
- 34CIS- first two stagesbased on cue-dependent forgetting
retrieval aided by external context and internal personal states. recreating these - recall improved - 35CIS- second two stagesenable witnesses to think about events in ways that may enrich recall- different routes taken
- 36Research into CISGeiselman et al
Fisher et al
Bekerian and Dennett - 37Geiselman et al: aiminvestigate whether CIS improves EWT
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- A Levels Psychology Flashcards on Cognitive Psychology- memory pt2, created by els17 on 13/04/2014.
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