Flashcards
Porifera
Cards in this deck (55)
- 1Aboral sideSide opposite to the side with the mouth. Non-existant in porifera as they donât have a mouth.
- 2AmebocyteCell in the mesohyle (between choanoderm and piconoderm) of a porifera that is mobile and moves through the sponge. Is totipotent and can differentiate into choanocytes or pinococytes.
- 3AnimaliaKindom of organisms characterized by multicellular organisms that ingest their food.
- 4ApomorphiesDerived characteristics within a group.
- 5Aquiferous systemConsists of canals and chambers through which water flows in a sponge
- 6Archeocyte(See amoebocyte). Cell capable of a variety of functions or of differentiating into a variety of cell types with different functions.
- 7AsconoidMost primitive/simplest sponge architecture. Overall structure is a central spongeocoel lined with choanocytes. This opens directly to the outside through the osculum. Water enters using porocytes. Inefficient as not all the water hits the choanocytes. therefore these sponges are usually really small.
- 8Assymetric body planNo axis of symmetry between the oral and aboral axis.
- 9Assymetric bodyNo axis of symmetry between the oral and aboral axis.
- 10AutapomorphiesDefining characteristic of a group.
- 11Bilaterally symmetric bodyOne axis of symmetry through the oral-aboral axis.
- 12BuddingForm of asexual reproduction where a small part of the body separates from the parent and develops into a new organism. The new organism remains attached until maturity.
- 13Cellular gradeOrganization of parazoa. There are distinct cells that function independently of each other. though some cells may take on specialized functions. No cell-cell communication.
- 14Choanocyte chamberA cavity lined by choanocytes. Located between incurrent and excurrent channels. Causes water to slow down to increase efficiency of filtering by choanocytes.
- 15ChoanocyteCollar-shaped cells whose flagella are responsible for generating a water current in a sponge. As flagella beats. food particles are trapped against microvilli that form the collar.
- 16ChoanodermLayer of choanocyte cells lining the different parts of the aquiferous system in a sponge. The low pressure generated by the this layer is responsible for feeding the sponge.
- 17CladisticsMethod for classifying organisms based on primitive and derived characteristics. Reflects evolutionary relationships.
- 18CladogramVisual representation of the phylogenetic branching of different animal groups
- 19CollagenFibrous protein found in animals' connective tissues.
- 20DioeciousOrganisms that have male or female reproductive structures in separate animals.
- 21EukaryoteOrganisms that have membrane bound organelles.
- 22FragmentationForm of asexual reproduction where a piece of the organism is ripped off and develops into a mature fully grown individuals.
- 23GemmuleBud of asexually formed freshwater sponge cells that are resistant to unfavourable conditions. Composed of amoebocytes and covered by choanocytes.
- 24Hermaphrodite (Monoecious)Organisms that have. at some time during their life. both male and female reproductive structures.
- 25HeterotrophOrganism that requires an organic source of carbon.
- 26Incurrent canalCanal through which water enters the sponge.
- 27Incurrent poreEntrance carrying food and oxygen into the sponge.
- 28Intracellular digestionFinal breakdown of ingested food to compenents small enough to be absorbed across the cell membrane. Occurs inside the cells in the digestive tract.
- 29LeuconoidMost complex sponge architecture. Choanocytes are found in chambers. No spongeocoel. Water enters incurrent canals to prosopyles and exits the chambers through apopyles. Then goes to the excurrent canals and osculum.
- 30MesohylGelatinous matrix between pinacoderm and choanoderm. Contains spicules and amoebocytes but is not homologous with mesoderm.
- 31MetazoaMulticellular organisms that exhibit all the characteristics of animals. Have cells. tissues and are capable of cell-cell communication
- 32MonophyleticA group of organisms that share a common evolutionary line.
- 33Oral sideSide that has the mouth.
- 34OsculumThe opening in the sponge that filtered water leaves through.
- 35Out groupMonophyletic group of organisms that serves as a reference group for the determination of an evolutionary relationship among three or more monophyletic groups. Closely related. but less related than all the others.
- 36ParaphyleticGroup that consists of all the descendants of the last common ancestor minus a small number of monophyletic groups of descendents.
- 37ParazoaTissues with no cell-cell communication.
- 38ParsimonyPrinciple that the easiest way is the most probable way. (ozcam's razor)
- 39PinacocyteFlattened cell on the surface of a sponge. Forms pinacoderm and can expand and contract slightly to alter the size of the sponge. Can produce collagen.
- 40PinacodermOuter layer of a sponge.
- 41PlesiomorphiesPrimitive traits within a group.
- 42PolyphyleticTaxon that includes animals from two or more distinct evolutionary line.
- 43PoriferaPhylum that has the most primitive body plan. Sessile species that obtain food by pumping water.
- 44PorocyteCell in an asconoid sponge with a hole through its center that allows water in. Opened and closed by myocytes.
- 45Radial canalFound in syconoid sponges. These are cavities that stick off the sides of the spongocoel. Water comes in through an incurrent pore to a channel through openings in the radial canal in and out of the spongocoel. Lined with choanocytes just below the surface of the sponge.
- 46Radially symmetric bodyMultiple axis of symmetry through the oral aboral axis.
- 47SclerocyteType of cell that produces spicules in sponges. Make up the skeletal system of the sponge. In the mesohyle.
- 48Sister groupPair of taxa at the same level that are the closest phylogenetic relatives of eachother.
- 49SpiculesNeedlelike structure produced by sclerocytes in sponges. Form the supporting skeleton of sponges.
- 50SponginCollagen-like material that forms the skeletal system of some sponges. Web of protein fibers that help hold the organism up.
- 51SpongocoelInternal cavity of asconoid and syconoid sponges that opens to the outside through the osculum. Where choanocytes are located and where water is passed through before it exits through the osculum.
- 52SyconoidBody plan of sponges that is intermediate in complexity. Choanocytes are now in radial canals that open to the spongocoel through apopyles.
- 53SymplesiomorphiesPleisomorphies shared between all groups in the taxa level.
- 54Synapomorphiesnew and unique character that a group of organisms all share and that defines the lineage or clade.
- 55Totipotent cellsDifferentiated cell that can dedifferentiate and differentiate into another type of cell.