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Flashcards

Criminology Chapter 3

shattering.illus English 66 cards

Cards in this deck (66)

  1. 1Crime rates affected by 5 factors1) report sensitive 2) policing-sensitive crimes 3) definition-sensitive 4) media-sensitive 5) real trends
  2. 2report-sensitive crimesCrimes sensitive to victims reporting them: rape- wont know unless reported
  3. 3police-sensitive crimescrimes sensitive to law enforcement: drug crime, proactively investigated by police otherwise many drug offences would not detected
  4. 4definition-sensitive crimescrimes sensitive to legislative activity: gambling has steadily decriminalized by loosing of criminal sanctions around gaming
  5. 5media-sensitive crimescrime that is sensitive to media attention: youth crime, covered in media increases public concern
  6. 6Uniform Crime Report (UCR)an aggregate census that is based on reports from police forces across Canada; official basis for criminological research in Canada 1962
  7. 7incident-based dataprovides data on specific factors, like location of offence and rela. b/w offender & victim
  8. 8incidence# of crimes reported to police to police in given time period
  9. 9foundedcrimes reported to police that are investigated and believed to be real - actual
  10. 10percentage changediff. in increases/ decreases in crime rates over a period of years so that, criminologists can tell whether society is becoming more dangerous
  11. 11crime rate# derived by calculating ratio of crimes in whole population expressed as 100,000 ppl providing relative likelihood of crime occurring - crimes/pop x 100000= rate
  12. 12Crime Severity Index CSIcompensates fro overall crime rate being driven by high-volume, less-serious offences, each offence has a weight
  13. 13Clearedrefers to crimes that are determined to be founded, w/h are then solved or cleared away by police, do not necessarily result in charges/ convictions
  14. 14crimes cleared in 2 ways1) 1 person is arrested, charged, turned over in court for prosecution 2) some element beyond police precludes to physical arrest of an offender -death
  15. 15attritionnature of cases to decrease as they make their way through CJS; # of cases investigated by police that result in convictions is small percentage of total
  16. 16crime funnelphenomenon in w/h, move farther into CJS, # of cases being dealt w/ gradually drops
  17. 173 limitations of UCR1. crimes not being reported: dark figure 2. under-reporting: believing crime not important & seek revenge 3. 3Xs more reports through victimization surveys
  18. 185 Problems w/ Law enforcement & UCR1) police under-reporting to improve professional rates 2) under-reporting can cause less jobs for police = higher crime rates 3) how a department defines crime 4) amount of resources used to find crime 5) diff. police have diff. norms of arrest
  19. 194 Legal definitions affect UCR1) broadening/ decreasing affect of a crime: more or less punishment 2) Young offenders act: lowers amount of young criminals 3.Dangerous and Impaired Operation: changes availability to search for criminal activity 4. Introduction of Breath analyzer
  20. 206 Media influence on UCR1) blaming victim for assault 2) Youth Criminal Justice Act: need to reduce youth crime 3) media is overexaggerating crime rates 4) hiding crime rates to reduce public fear 5) media selects crime report->public learns about crime from news->Politician pressure to react->Victims report to police 6) misrepresentation of facts
  21. 213 Methodological Problems1) notion of cleared charge is not made in month committed 2) multiple crimes in one criminal- only worst committed 3) each act is listed as crime but not for others
  22. 22self-report surveysdata collection reported through asking subject to reveal own Bhav and participation in delinquent or illegal acts; Strengths: inclusion of non-reported crimes+ personal info; Weakness: reliance on honesty, offenders do not participate
  23. 235 focus of self-reports1. youth crime 2. substance abuse 3. distribution of criminality 4. distribution of crime across race, ethnicity, gender 5. significant info about offenders
  24. 242 Self-report limitations1) will not be honest about illegal activity: exaggerate or deny 2)nothing reliable to measure against self-reports
  25. 253 missing cases in Self report1) kids not showing up day of survey 2) drop outs 3) drug users under report
  26. 26Victim surveyssurveys preformed to find victims of sex, robbery, telephone, assault, B&E
  27. 276 Problems w/ victimization reports1) Overreporting 2) Telescoping events from past happened less recently then thought 3) under-reporting 4) inability to personal criminal Bhav 5) sampling errors 6) Inadequate questioning format
  28. 284 Compatibility of UCR, Self-report, victimization reports1) follow same trends 2) same criminal ages & gender 3) times crime occurs 4) gathering and interpretation differs
  29. 29commissions of inquiryappointed by provincal, territorial, federal gov.; have a broad range of power of inquiry , undiscovered by police, media, victim; adds info about aboriginal treatment, institutional child abuse,
  30. 304 Crisis Index of Justice measures:1) crime rate 2) incarceration rate 3) spending on prisons 4) spending on allocated to community corrections - electronic monitoring, services for victims/ offenders, alternative justice - improves rehabilitation
  31. 31a risk of significant harma person w/ a high number of victims is consider a risk when released back into society and watched carefully
  32. 32Karl Richard TOFTis a pedophile who had over 200 victims, released back into edmonton with a public warning
  33. 33Crime Trends: agemale overpopulation, bureaucratic process, baby-boomers: influenced the crime rate from 1960-1990s
  34. 34Crime Trends: Racelack of opportunity, discrimination, problems w/ bail, Blacks+ Aboriginals overpopulated in prison, women aboriginals
  35. 35Crime Trends: Aboriginals3% of population, 20.5Xs more likely to be victims of robbery/ abuse physical/ sexual, homicide, suicide
  36. 36Crime Trends: The Economylong periods of unemployment in Canada increase crime rates, teen-age unemployment, economic recession increases crime, higher development = higher crime rate
  37. 373 Crime Trends: Social Malaise1) increase in single parents 2) teenage mothers 3) cultural beliefs: honor in Japan
  38. 382 Crime Trends: Guns1) juvenile gun possession increases robbery 2) in assault guns are used 2.4% of time
  39. 393 Crime Trends: Drugs1) increase of drugs also increases gang related crimes 2) upward trend since 1993 3) marijuana & Cocaine highest used
  40. 404 Crime Trends: Justice Policy1) aggressive police practices 2) targeting certain crime 3) fear of punishment 4) lengthier sentences
  41. 413 Crime Trends: future1) youth gang will grow 2) drug offences will increase 3) estimated overall crime will decrease over 30 years
  42. 423 ecology of crime: day, season, climate1) summer - teenagers 2) more time outdoors= easy targets 3) 3-4pm
  43. 433 ecology of crime: temperature1) domestic assault increases w/ temperature 2) hot temp. increases homicide 3) stronger during morning/ evening hours
  44. 443 ecology of crime: population density1) rural has less crime 2) higher victimization in cities - robbery, motor theft 3) rural areas have higher rate of homicide
  45. 452 ecology of crime: region1) winnipeg higher crime rates than toronto 2) violent crime & gun crimes higher in west than east
  46. 46instrumental crimesIllegal activities resorted to by those unable to obtain goods through conventional means: theft, narcotics
  47. 47expressive crimesillegal activities that have no purpose except to accomplish Bhav at hand: shooting, homicide
  48. 48ecology of crime: Class relationrich= commit tax fraud, poor= commit welfare fraud
  49. 492 Evidence for class-crime relationships1) broken homes relate to institutionalization 2) differential law- enforcement: lower class more likely to have criminal records even though higher class commit crimes
  50. 503 class-crime controversy1) unemployment & welfare higher correlation to crime 2) racism, sexism, unrealistic expectation twist crime rates 3) street crime higher in lower class
  51. 51aging outindividuals reduce frequency of offending as they age; also known as spontaneous remission, occurs among all groups of offenders
  52. 52desistancecrime rate declines w/ perpetrators age
  53. 53early onsetdescription of ppl who are deviant at a very young age and who are most likely to persist in crime if careers start early
  54. 54two classes of criminals1) criminals who decline in crime w/ age 2) another group whose bhav remains the same
  55. 555 Reasons for Aging out1) function of maturation 2) close relationships being in society after teens 3) success or failure of rela. 4) criminal career slows after marriage 5) old age
  56. 56masculinity hypothesisview that women who commit crimes have biological & psychological traits similar to men
  57. 57chivalry hypothesisidea that low female crime & delinquency rates are a reflection of leniency w/ w/h police treat female offenders
  58. 58androgensmale sex hormones linked to criminality
  59. 59liberal feminist theorysocial and economic roles of women in society and rela. of those roles to female crime rates
  60. 602 self-reports gender indicate1) pattern of femal criminality is similar to males 2) factors predispose male criminals to crime have an equal impact on female criminals
  61. 61criminal careera person whose criminality is a career, who repeatedly violates law, commits life to crime, and large portion of crime in community
  62. 62chronic offendersmall percentage of those who are arrested 5 or more times b4 age 18, who will become adult criminal, responsible for more than half of serious crimes
  63. 634 Delinquency in Birth Cohort Study1) 1/3 had some police contact, 2/3 had none 2) 54% of delinquent youth were repeat offenders , 46% one time 3) 1-5 criminal acts=36% 4) 6% committed 5-more crimes = accounted for 59% of all offences
  64. 642 Birth Cohort II study1.) chronic offender 7.5% 2) 1% of females were chronic offenders
  65. 652 Chronic offenders1) 70% of adult chronic offenders were chronic juvenile offenders 2) low IQ, substance abuse, chronic unemployment, low commitment to school
  66. 66continuity of crimeview that crime begins early in life and continues throughout life course. best predictor

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Grant Macewan Uni. Criminology 225 criminology in Canada: theories, patterns, and typologies L.J. Siegel C. McCormick
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