Flashcards
Talk Theory
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1What is convergence?When the speech styles of two or more individuals become closer together.
- 2Why is convergence used within a conversation?It is used when speakers desire to gain approval from one another.
- 3What is divergence?When the speech styles of two or more individuals become further apart.
- 4Why is divergence used within a conversation?It can be used to emphasize the differences in communication between individuals or to reinforce a positive social identity.
- 5What is maintenance / under-accommodation?When no adjustment is made to speech
- 6Define 'conversational maxims'.Specific rational principles which, according to Paul Grice, we all try to adhere to within a conversation in order to enable effective communication.
- 7What are Grice's four conversational maxims?1. Quality
2. Quantity
3. Relation
4. Manner - 8What is the 'Maxim of Quality'?Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack adequate evidence.
- 9What is the 'Maxim of Quantity?'Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
- 10What is the 'Maxim of Relation'?Be relevant.
- 11What is the 'Maxim of Manner'?To ensure the utterance is brief and orderly and avoids obscurity of expression and ambiguity.
- 12What are Leech's six conversational maxims?1. Tact
2. Generosity
3. Approbation
4. Modesty
5. Agreement
6. Sympathy - 13What is the 'Maxim of Tact'?Minimizing cost and maximizing benefit to other.
- 14That is the 'Maxim of Generosity'?Minimizing benefit and maximizing cost to self.
- 15What is the 'Maxim of Approbation'?Minimizing dispraise and maximizing approval of other.
- 16What is the 'Maxim of Modesty'?Minimizing praise and maximizing dispraise of self.
- 17What is the 'Maxim of Agreement'?Minimizing disagreement and maximizing agreement between self and other.
- 18What is the 'Maxim of Sympathy'?Minimizing antipathy and maximizing sympathy between self and other.
- 19What are Robin Lakoff's three conversational maxims?1. Don’t impose.
2. Give the receiver options.
3. Make the receiver feel good. - 20What is an adversarial / competitive style?The fight for dominance in a conversation, usually displayed my men.
- 21What is the 'androcentric rule'?It places males at the centre of the world therefore men’s speech is seen as the norm and women’s is viewed as inferior.
- 22According to Keith and Shuttleworth, which features are women perceived to exhibit during a conversation?1. Are hesitant
2. Talk too much
3. Are indecisive
4. Are more co-operative
5. Ask more questions
6. Are more polite
7. Complain and nag - 23According to Keith and Shuttleworth, which features are men perceived to exhibit during a conversation?1. Don’t talk about emotions
2. Are competitive
3. Are authoritative
4. Interrupt more
5. Are less polite
6. Talk about women and machines the same way - 24What did Robin Lakoff suggest as the features of female language?1. Hedging
2. Polite forms
3. Tag questions
4. Speaking in italics (i.e. emphasising words)
5. Empty adjectives
6. Hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation
7. Bad sense of humour
7. Direct quotations (‘he said she said’)
8. Special vocabulary
10. Make declarative comments sound questioning - 25What are Labov's five narrative categories?1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Complicating action
4. Resolution
5. Coda
6. Evaluation - 26What is 'face'?The public self-image everyone portrays which must be maintained in a conversation.
- 27What is a 'face threatening act'?It is an act which deliberately threatens the face of others.
- 28What is 'bald on-record politeness'?Not attempting to minimise a face threat.
- 29What is 'off-record politeness'?Avoiding responsibility for the threat by being indirect.
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- Flashcards on Talk Theory, created by abigailslade6088 on 21/04/2014.
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- abigailslade6088
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