Flashcards
Chpt.8 and Chpt. 9
Cards in this deck (47)
- 1Behavior Learning TheoristsPsychologist who emphasize experience, and learning as the primary forces that shape human behavior
EX: John Dallard, Neal Miller, B.F Skinner - 2Psychoanalytic Learning TheoryCreated by Dollard and Miller
A creative attempt to bring together concepts of Freudian psychoanalytic theory with ideas, language, methods, and results of experimental laboratory research on learning and behavior - 3EmpiricismSuggests that all knowledge originate in experience
-Behavior and learning theories hold that valid knowledge arises out of experience and needs to be continually checked against it - 4John WatsonExpanded classical conditioning into a theory of behaviorism in which he recommended that psychology emphasizes the study of overt rather than covert behavior
- 5Law of EffectWhen a behavior or performance is accompanied by satisfaction it tends to happen again.
-If the performance is accompanied by frustration it tends to decrease - 6Habits, Drives, and the Learning ProcessEmphasized the role of learning in personality and place less stress on personality structure
- 7HabitSome kind of learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently
- 8Drive Reductionlearning occurs only if a response of organism is followed by the reduction of some need or drive
- 9Primary Drivethose associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organisms survival (sleep, hunger, thirst)
- 10Dollard and MillerSuggests that the learning process can be broken down into 4 main conceptual parts:
1. A drive
2. A Cue
3. A Response
4. Reinforcement - 11Frustrationoccurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy is blocked
- 12Conflictif frustration arises from a situation in which compatible responses are occurring at the time
- 13Approach-Approach ConflictEX: You like 2 people at the same time but forced to pick one
- 14Avoidance-Avoidance ConflictEX: hot plate burning your hands or drop the food onto the floor
- 15Approach-Avoidance ConflictEX: Your date is both attractive and obnoxious
- 16Dollard and Miller Child Development Stages-The Feading situation in Infancy
-Cleanliness Training
-Early Sex Training
-Training for control of anger and aggression - 17Dollard and Miller vs FreudFreud's defense mechanisms are learned actions according to Dollard and Miller
D & M believed stages develop through learning vs biological - 18PsychotherapyWolpe developed the principles of reciprocal inhibition, the introduction of a competitiveness response that will interfere with the original maladaptive response
- 19Systematic DesensitizationA patient is conditioned to stop responding to a stimulus on an undesired manner and to substitute a new response
- 20B.F SkinnerDeveloped a psychology that concentrated not on the person but solely on those variables and forces in the environment that influence a person that may be directly observed
- 21Overt BehaviorBehavior that can be observed by an external observer.
-Can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment - 22Skinner's 2 Types of BehaviorsRespondent: reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimulus
Operant: responses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present - 23Operant ConditioningThe process by which an operant response becomes associated with a reinforcement through learning
- 24Classical ConditioningThe stimulus is the reinforcement and it precedes behavior
- 25Operant ConditioningThe effect of the behavior is the reinforcement
- 26ShapingDeliberately shaped or molded the organisms behavior in order to achieve the desired behavior
- 27Shaping FacilitatesDiscrimination: the ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and not reinforced
Generalization: the application of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation - 28Three Schedules of Reinforcementa program for increasing and decreasing the likelihood of a particular response and effectiveness
- 29Continuous ReinforcementThe desired behavior is reinforce each time it occurs
-Effective in initially developing and strengthening behaviors - 30Interval Reinforcementthe organism is reinforced after a certain time period has elapsed, regardless of the response rate
-Fixed: same time period elapses each time
-Variable: time periods differ in length - 31Ratio ReinforcementThe rate of reinforcement is determined by the number of appropriate responses that organisms emits
-Fixed: the number of responses required prior to reinforcement is stable and unchanging
-Variable: number of appropriate operant behaviors that must occur prior to reinforcement changes from time to time - 32Behavior ModificationSeeks to eliminate undesired behaviors by changing the environment within which they occur
- 33Arthur StatsDeveloped psychological behaviorism a detailed theory f personality that translates personality concepts into behavioral language
- 34Albert Bandura- An agentic perspective emerges in Bandura's sociocognitive view of personality
- Conceives of human agency as the ability to act and make things happen - 35Personal AgencyOccurs within a larger network of sociostructural influences in which people construct and are constructed by social systems
- 36Human Agency-Intentiionality, enables us to behave purposefully
-Forethought permits us to anticipate outcomes - 37Human Agency PT 2-Self-Reactiveness allows us to motivate and regulate actions, behaving in ways that give us satisfaction and avoiding behaviors that bring self-censure
-Self Reflectiveness gives us the ability to reflect on our thoughts and behaviors and make changes as needed - 38Triadic Reciprical CausationThe regulation of human behavior by the interplay of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
- 39Learning Through ObservationSuggests that observational learning occurs either intentionally or accidentally
- 40Extrinsic Reinforcementis arbitrary socially arranged rather than the natural outcome of the behavior
EX: Medal for good athletic performance - 41Intrinsic ReinforcementNaturally related to the behavior
EX: Relaxation exercise relieve muscle fatigue - 42Vicarious ReinforcementOccurs when we learn appropriate behavior from the successes and mistakes of others
EX: A child who sees his sibling being spanked for a misdemeanor quickly learns not to do the same thing - 43Self-Reinforcementincreases performance primarily through its motivational function
- 44Change is maintained when1. The new behavior has functional value of individual
2. there are strong social and environmental supports for behavior
3. An individual's own self-evaluation becomes an important reinforcer - 45Julian Rotter's most important conceptLocus of Control
- 46Locus of Controlthe extent to which a person believes that reinforcements are controlled by his or her own behavior or by people or outside forces such as luck or fate
- 47I-E ScaleAn assessment tool that measures an individual's perception control
( I ) assumes that their own behaviors and actions are responsible for the consequences that happen to them [INTERNALLY CONTROLLED PEOPLE]
( E ) Believe that control is out of their hands
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- Flashcards on Chpt.8 and Chpt. 9, created by Ivet Trinidad on 28/02/2017.
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