8010045
Description
Flashcards by Natalia Chlebowska, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natalia Chlebowska
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Abnormality | A Psychological or behavioural state leading to impairment of interpersonal functioning and/or distress to others. |
| Active Processing | Subjecting information to deep and meaningful analysis |
| Adrenal gland | The gland in the adrenal system that releases adrenaline |
| Adrenal Medulla | The central part of the Adrenal gland |
| Affectionless psychopathy | An inability to show affection or concern for others |
| Agentic State | The way in which an individual may obey an order, perhaps to do something they see as wrong , because the individual hands over the responsibility for the outcome of the action to an authority figure. The individual sees themselves as an agent |
| Aim | A precise statement of why a study is taking place |
| Androcentrism | A bias in psychological research in which a male perspective is overemphasised at the expense of a female one |
| Anxiety | An unpleasant state of emotional arousal |
| Articulatory Process (AP) | Part of the phonological acoustic store , allows sub-vocal repetition within the store |
| Attachment | A two way , enduring, emotional tie to a specific other person |
| Authoritarian personality | This title describes a person who holds rigid beliefs , is intolerant of ambiguity and is submissive to authority but hostile to those of lower status |
| Autonomous State | Where individuals are seen as responsible for their own actions |
| Beck's Negative Triad | A model of cognitive biases which are characteristic features of depression. The triad consists of three elements. |
| Behavioural Categories | Dividing target behaviours into subsets of behaviours through the use of coding systems |
| Behavioural approach | The perception of phobias as occuring through learning processes with treatments based upon modifying maladaptive behaviour through substitution of new responses |
| Biological approach | The perception of OCD as determined by physiological means of treatments based upon chemical means |
| Bipolar depression | A form of depression characterised by periods of heightened moods and periods of despondency and hopelessness |
| Capacity | The amount of information that can be stored at a given time |
| Case studies | In-depth , detailed investigations of one individual or a small group |
| Central Executive (CE) | A component of the Working Memory Model that oversees and co-ordinates the components of working memory |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | This system comprises the brain and spinal chord |
| Chunking | Method of increasing the STM capacity by grouping information into larger units |
| Circadian rhythms | Biological rhythms which occur every 24-hours |
| Classical Conditioning | When a response ,produced naturally by a ertain stimulus , becomes associated with another stimulus that is not ususally associated with that particualr response |
| Coding | The means by which information is represented in memory |
| Cognitive approach | The perception of depression as determined through maladaptive thought processesbwith treatments based upon modifying thought patterns to alter behaviour and emotional states |
| Cognitive Dissonance | An unpleasant feeling of anxiety created by simultaneously holding two contradictory ideas |
| Cognitive Interview (CI) | A procedure for police questioning of witnesses that promotes accurate, detailed recall of events |
| Compliance | Publicly , but not privately, going along with majority influence to fit in and gain approval |
| Confederates (Pseudo Participants) | Individuals who pretend to be participants or researchers in research studies , but who are in fact acting in a role |
| Conformity | Yielding to majority influence |
| Confounding Variables | Uncontrolled extraneous variables that negatively impact the results |
| Content analysis | A method of quantifying quaitative data through the use of coding units |
| Context-Dependent failure | A form of Cue-dependent forgetting where recall occurs in a different external setting to coding |
| Continuity hypothesis | The idea that there is consistency between early emotional experiences and later relationships |
| Contralateral | When the right hemisphere |
| Correlational studies | The factors measured in a correlational study to asses their direction and the strength of the relationship |
| Co-variables | The variables investigated in a correlation. They are not reffered to as the independent and dependent variables because the study is investigating the relationship between them. |
| Critical Period | A specific time period within which an attachment must form |
| Cross-cultural studies | Comparison of findings from people of different cultures |
| Cue-dependent forgetting (CDF) | A type of forgetting based upon a failure to retrieve the prompts that trigger recall |
| Cultural relativism | The way in which the function and meaning of a behaviour , value or attitude are relative to a specific cultural setting meaning that interpretations of these may vary across countries. |
| Cultural variations | Differences in ways of life across different nations involving child-rearing practices |
| Cupboard love theory | The belief that attachments are formed with infant's carers throught feeding processes |
| Dehumanisation | Degrading people by lessening their human qualities |
| De-individuation | A state in which individuals have lowered self awareness and a weaker sense of personal responsibility for their actions . This may result from the relative anonimity of a crowd. |
| Demand Characteristics | Features of a piece of research which allows participants to work out its aim and/or the hypothesis. Participants may change their behaviour to comply or resist the researcher. Called the "Please you , Screw you" effect |
| Dependent variable (DV) | The factor measured by researchers in an investigation |
| Depression | A mood disorder characterised by feelings of despondency and hopelessness |
| Deprivation | A long-term disruption of an attachment bond |
| Deviation from ideal mental health | Failure to meet the criteria for perfect psychological wellbeing |
| Deviation from social norms | Behaviour violating accepted social rules |
| Dispositional explaination | The perception of behaviour as caused by internal characterisitics of individuals |
| Drug therapy | The treatment of OCD through chemical means |
| Duration | The length of time during which information remains in a storage |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | A method of measuring brain activity using electrodes on the scalp |
| Ellis' ABC model | An explaination that sees depression as occuring through an activating agent , beleif and consequence |
| Endocrine system | This is the system which affects the transfer and secretion of hormones throughout the body |
| Endogenous pacemaker | Internal body 'clocks' that regulate biological rhythms such as regular times of sleep linked to levels of light e.g Suprachasmatic nucleus or Pineal gland |
| Enchanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) | An advanced method of questioning witnesses that overcomes problems caused with inappropriate sequencing of questions |
| Episodic buffer | Component of the Working Memory Model that serves as a temporary store of integrated information from the central executive , phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and LTM. |
| Episodic memory (EM) | A form of LTM for events occuring in an individuals life |
| Ethical Issues | The rules governing the conduct of researchers in investigations |
| Event-related potentials (ERPs) | A method of measuring brain activity in response to a stimulis (using the same equipment as an EEG) |
| Excitatory potentials | Increase the chance of a neuron firing |
| Exogenous zeitgebers | External stimuli , such as levels of light , tempreature and social cues, which influence biological rhythms |
| Experimental methods | A research method using random allocation of participants and the manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect |
| Extraneous variables | Variables other than the Independent Variable that might affect the Dependent Variable |
| Eye-witness testimony (EWT) | Evidence provided by those recalling an event who were present when the event took place |
| Failure to function Adequately | An inability to cope with day-to-day living |
| Falsification | That scientific statements are capable of being proven wrong |
| Field Experiment | Experiment conducted in a naturalistic environment where the researchers manipulate the independent variable |
| Flooding | A behavioural therapy used to remove phobias through direct confrontation with the feared object or situation |
| Forgetting | The failure to retrieve information from memory stores |
| Genetic explaination | The perception of OCD as transmitted trough inherited factors |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an individual |
| Graphs | Easily understandable , pictoral representations of data |
| Hemispheric lateralisation | This is when one hemisphere carries out a particular function |
| Hormones | Chemicals secreted by the endocrine system in the blood and other bodily fluids |
| Hypothalamus | A part of the brain which is located in the centre of the brain and deals with basic survival tactics |
| Hypotheses | Precise testable research predictions |
| Identification | Public and private acceptance of majority influence in order to gain group acceptance. Only present when maintained by group presence |
| Imposed etic | using techniques that are only relevant to one culture to study and/or draw conclusions about another |
| Imprinting | A form of attachment where the offspring follow the first large moving object they see |
| Independent groups design | Experimental design in which each participant performs one condition of an experiment |
| Independent variable (IV) | The factor manipulated by researchers in an investigation |
| Individual Variables | Personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressure |
| Inferential testing | Statistical procedures that make predictions about populations from mathematicl analysis of data taken from samples |
| Informational Social Influence (ISI) | A motivational force to look to others for guidance in order to be correct |
| Infradian rhythms | Biological rhythms that occur less than once a day |
| Inhibitory potentials | decrease the chance of a neuron firing |
| Inner scribe | Part of the Visuo-spatial sketchpad, stores information about the physical relationships of items |
| Institutional care | Childcare provided by orphanages and children's homes |
| Interactional Synchrony | The co-ordinated rhythmic exchanges between carer and infant |
| Interference Theory (IT) | An explaination for forgetting when similar material is confused in recall from the LTM |
| Internal Working Model | A cognitive framework used to understand the world, self , and others , that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment |
| Internalisation | Public and private acceptance of majority influence , through adopting the majority group's beleif system. Often called true conformity. |
| Inter-observer reliability | Where observers consistently code behaviour in the same way |
| Interviews | Self-report method where participants answer questions in face-to-face situations |
| Introspection | A technique pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt , to gain insight into how mental processes work. People were trained to report in detail on their inner experiences when presented with a stimulus. |
| Investigator effects | A research effect where researcher features influence participants' responses |
| Ironic deviance | The beleif that other people's behaviour occurs because they have been told to do it lowers their informational influence |
| Laboratory experiment | Experiment conducted in a controlled environment allowing the establishment of causality |
| Learning theory | The beleif that attachments develop through conditioning processes |
| Legitimacy of authority | The degree to which individuals are seen as justified in having power over others |
| Localisation | In terms of the brain, this means the part of the brain in which a function is carried out |
| Locus of Control (LOC) | The extent to which individuals believe that they can control events in their lives |
| Long term memory (LTM) | A permanent store holding limitless amounts of information for long periods |
| Matched-pairs design | Experimental design where participants are in similar pairs, whith one of each pair compleing a condition |
| Measures of central tendency | Methods of estimating mid-point scores in sets of data |
| Measures of dispersion | Measurements of the spread of scores witin a set of data |
| Meta-analysis | A process in which a large number of studies, which have involved the same research question and methods of research, are reviewed together and the combined data is tested by statistical techniques to assess the effect size |
| Milgram paradigm | Experimental procedure devised by Stanley Milgram for measuring obedience rates of people |
| Minority influence | A type of social influence that motivates individuals to reject established majority group norms |
| Misleading information | Information that suggests a desired response |
| Mnemonics | Techniques that promote memory recall |
| Modified cognitive interview (MCI) | An ammended form of the cognitive interview |
| Monotropic theory | Used bh John Bowlby to suggest that infants have a inbuilt tendency to make an attachment to one primary figure, the mother. He suggested his has an evolutionary origin. |
| Monotropy | An innate tendency to become attached to one paticular adult |
| Morality | Decisions and behaviour based upon the perception of proper conduct |
| Multiple Attachments | The formation of emotional bonds with many carers |
| Multi-store model (MSM) | An explanation |
| Natural experiment | Experiment conducted in a naturalistic environment with naturally occuring independent variable |
| Naturalistic Observations | Surveillance and recording of naturally occuring event |
| Negative reinforcement | A behaviour is more likely to occur because of avoidance of negative consequences |
| Neural explanation | The perception of OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms |
| Neuron | A nerve cell which transfers information throughout the nervous system |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals witin the cerebreal fluid that transmit signals |
| Normal distribution | Data with an even distibution either side of the mean |
| Normative social influence (NSI) | A mtivational force to be liked and accepted by a group |
| Obedience | Complying with the demands of an authority figure |
| Objectivity | Observations made without bias |
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