Flashcards
Ethological & Evolutionary explanations
Cards in this deck (19)
- 1Ethological explanation: Adaptive functions of aggression (3 with examples for each)- To ward off predators e.g. geese adopting agg posture when fox comes is passed on
- To get resources e.g. Pettit - similar adaptive benefit in children in getting your own way and access resources
- To establish dominance hierarchies e.g. mating rights over females - 2Ethological explanation: 2 Ritualistic aggression features in intra-species- Ritualistic signalling (threat displays): can assess relative strength and avoid death
- Appeasement displays: acknowledge defeat and inhibit further aggression by victor - 3Ethological explanation: Fixed Action Pattern - definitionTinbergen:
All members of the same species have repertoire of stereotyped behaviours occuring in specific situation and which do not require learning - 4Ethological explanation: Fixed Action Pattern - 6 characteristicsLea:
1. Stereotyped
2. Universal
3. Unaffected by learning
4. Ballistic
5. Single-purposed
6. Specific trigger - 5Ethological explanation: Fixed Action Pattern - innate releasing mechanism (2)- Tinburgen: neural network triggered by sign S and releases FAP
- Receives input from sensory recognition circuits when stimulated & communicate with motor control circuits to activate FAP - 6Ethological explanation: Fixed Action Pattern - hydraulic model (whose theory is it and 2 explanations)Lorenz
- Each FAP has a reservoir of action-specific energy (ASE) which is released when FAP is performed
- Cannot repeat FAP until ASE is built up again, so FAP activated only with sufficient ASE - 7Ethological explanation: evaluation - Biological reductionism (4)- Lehrman: Lorenz underestimated the role of env factors in dev of species-typical agg beh patterns
- Env interact with innate factors in a complex way
- FAP replaced by beh patterns: can be modified
- Subtle vars in agg beh in same species - 8Ethological explanation: evaluation - Not generalisable to humans (3) + research finding- Eibl-Eibesfeldt:
-> identified FAPs in human when greeting e.g. smiling but not adaptive or fixed
-> Flexibility and ability to respond to ever-changing env more effective & human beh far less predictable than animals
- Cultural differences: homicide rate higher among white males in Southern US (Nisbett) - 9Ethological explanation: evaluation - Research evidence for FAP: Tinbergen (3)- Male sticklebacks dev red spots on their underbelly in mating seasons
- Presented with diff shaped wooden models -> beh aggressively regardless of shape if had red spots
- Red spots = sign S, so triggered IRM when in territory & activated FAP - 10Ethological explanation: evaluation - contradicting evidence for ritualistic aggression (3)Goodall:
- Observed chimpanzees in a National Park in Tanzania and found males from one community systematically slaughtered members of other community
- Continued despite appeasement displays
- Prevent death X or ensure no harm - 11Evolutionary explanation: Sexual competition (explanation + anthropological evidence)- Agg successful in physical competition for mate, so this mental module spread through gene pool
- Puts: male traits imply competition did take place e.g. men have thicker jaw bones to protect from breaking while hitting each other - 12Evolutionary explanation: Sexual jealousy - motivation (3)- Males cannot be certain of paternity
- May result in cuckoldry, which is not adaptive as resource invested on other gene's survival
- to avoid this, deter mate from infidelity - 13Evolutionary explanation: Two chars of mate retention strategies (+ researcher names)Wilson and Daly
- Direct guarding: keeping track
- Negative inducements: display threats - 14Evolutionary explanation: Two research evidence for link betw mate retention strats and agg- Shackelford: 107 couples married for 1 yr or less -> found strong positive cor betw male reports of mrs & female report of intimate partner vio
- Dell: 17% of murder in UK due to sexual jealousy - 15Evolutionary explanation: Bullying (3)- Volk: suggests dominance and acquisition of resources which females found attractive
- Male warriors in traditional soc had more sexual partners and children
- Winning a combat gained respect from peers and strengthen bonds betw them - 16Evolutionary explanation: evaluation - :( gender differences (2+2)Campbell:
- Not adaptive for females bc put offsppring at risk
- More likely to use verbal agg as a means of retaining partner
Smetana:
- socialisation: boys physically punished while girls explained for wrongdoing
- Girls adopt social agg e.g. hurting self-esteem - 17Evolutionary explanation: evaluation - :( Cultural differences (3)- !Kung San in Kalahiri desert - views agg negatively and discourages it
- Yanomamo tribe in Brazil: encourages agg to gain status within soc
=> not universal - 18Evolutionary explanation: evaluation - :) practical application (2)Volk
- Developed anti-bullying strats which teaches that costs of bullying are high & inc rewards of prosocial activities
- Football: can compete aggressively but fairly while displaying power and strength - 19Evolutionary explanation: evaluation - Adaptive? (4)- Can result in social ostracism, injury, death
=> violent males may not be preferred & warriors have higher change of death
=> May be maladaptive
- Duntley + Buss: benefits outweigh the costs compared to other strats in evolutionary past
=> still favoured in natural selection
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- Psy A2 (7. Aggression) Flashcards on Ethological & Evolutionary explanations, created by Field Jellyfish on 18/03/2017.
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- Field Jellyfish · Mar 2017
- Updated
- Apr 22, 2017
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