Incoming Tourists.
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A tourist who is travelling INTO a country that isn't their home/ own country.
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Example of Incoming Tourism?
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A tourist from the USA travelling into the UK.
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Outbound Tourist.
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Tourist who LEAVES their own/ home country and travel to a different one.
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Example of Outbound Tourism?
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A tourist leaving the UK to go to the USA
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Domestic Tourist.
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A tourist who travels WITHIN their own country.
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Example of Domestic Tourism?
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A tourist travelling from London to Cornwall for a holiday.
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Business Tourist.
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Someone who travels with the purpose of business.
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Example of Business Tourism?
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Someone travelling to London from Cheshire for a 3 day conference.
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Leisure Tourism.
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The use of free time to travel for the purpose of enjoyment.
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Example of Leisure Tourism?
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Travelling to Florida from the UK to visit theme parks for a family holiday.
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Adventure Tourism.
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A holiday that includes exciting and unusual activities.
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Example of Adventure Tourism?
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Scuba Diving off the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.
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VFR Tourism.
(Visiting Friends & Relatives)
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Someone who travels with the purpose of visiting friends or relatives and may stay with them.
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Excursions.
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A short visit to an interesting place or activity, arranged by the organisation as part of the holiday.
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Example of an Excursion?
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A trip out to a local waterpark.
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Package Holiday.
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A holiday that is booked for the tourist, which includes transport, accommodation and transfers.
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Independent Holiday.
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A holiday that the tourist books themselves separately.
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Private Sector.
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Organisations who work to make money.
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Example of a Private Sector Organisation.
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Virgin Atlantic.
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Public Sector.
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Organisations that are owned by the government.
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Example of a Public Sector Organisation.
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Tourist Information Centres.
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Voluntary Sector.
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Organisations who don't work to make a profit.
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Example of a Voluntary Sector Organisation.
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National Trust.
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Small & Medium sized Organisations.
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When there is only 1, or not many of them.
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Example of a Small or Medium sized Organisation.
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Chester Zoo.
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Large Organisation.
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Organisations who have the greatest number of shares + largest influence.
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Example of a Large Organisation.
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TUI.
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New Technologies?
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- Online Booking
- Online Payment
- Online Check-In
- Self Check-In
- Apps
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What Does Currency Fluctuation Mean?
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It is when a countries currency changes in value in relation to other currencies/ countries.
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How can Currency Fluctuation Affect the Industry?
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It can have dramatic effects on the buying power of tourists abroad - e.g. the cost of accommodation.
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Example of Currency Fluctuation?
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When Oil goes up, tour operators may charge a supplement fee on transport.
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What does Government Legislation mean?
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Laws & Taxes that the government bring in.
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How does Government Legislation affect the industry?
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Can have an impact on the host tourism country.
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Example of Government Legislation?
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Airport Laws/ Security/ Customs.
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What does Climate Change mean?
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Very gradual changes in weather patterns.
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How might Climate Change affect the industry?
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Some natural disasters can become more frequent, meaning some destinations come become in danger.
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What does Disease mean in T&T terms?
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When there has been an outbreak of illness + disease.
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How Disease and Illness might affect the industry?
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People can be put off destinations if there has been outbreaks or illness.
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Example of Diseases?
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Swine Flu - 2009 (ish)
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What is a Natural Disaster?
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It is a natural event that can cause great damage or loss of life.
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How might Natural Disasters affect the industry?
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Tourism can decline in countries as people may be scared/ put off/ unable to visit.
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Example of Natural Disasters?
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Indian Ocean Tsunami - Boxing Day 2004
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What is Civil Unrest?
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A war between 2 groups of people in the same country, or when people of a country try to overthrow their government.
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How might Civil Unrest affect the industry?
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It can cause companies to loose out on money and can disrupt operations. Can also have an impact on tourists safety.
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Examples of Civil Unrest? (That have affected Tourist Destinations?)
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Egypt
Turkey
Thailand
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What does Economic Climate mean?
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How good or bad a country or destination is doing financially.
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How might the Economic Climate affect the industry?
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The industry can be hit bad due to poor trading conditions.
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Example of the Economic Climate.
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UK recession - 2007/08
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How does Terrorism affect the industry?
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Stops people from wanting to take certain means of transport e.g. planes and can stop people from wanting to go to certain places.
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Example of Terrorism.
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9/11 Bombings - Twin Towers - NYC
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What does Political Change mean?
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When parts of the Government Change or influence changes.
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How can Political Change affect the industry?
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Can change how tourism operates in countries.
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Example of Political Change.
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Turkish Government.
China.
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Positive Impacts on Host Environment?
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- More Money
- Experiences
- Better Infrastructure
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Negative Impacts on Host Environment?
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- Pollution
- Poverty
- Damage to Habitats
- Graffiti
- Vandalism
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4 Main Time Periods for Tourism?
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- Greek & Roman Civilisations
- Industrial Revolution
- Inter War Period
- Post Second World War Developments
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Greek and Roman Civilisation.
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- The first touists were spectators at the Olympics.
- Lots of VFR based trips were being taken.
- Accommodation providers were starting out, e.g. inns on routes
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Industrial Revolution
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- Destinations were becoming branded e.g. ski and seaside resorts were developing
- Classes of travel were designated e.g. first class
- Long Haul 'ship trips' came around to destinations such as India.
- Thomas Cook started doing excursions.
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Inter War Period
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- Migration to the USA
- Passports were introduced after WW1
- Mass Communications were improving
- Domestic Tourism was developing; the 1st Butlins opened
- Travellers were safer whilst travelling due to things like Vaccines
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Post WW2 Developments
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- People had pleasures back after the war
- Travel modes changed as cars and coaches came around
- Annual 2 week paid factory holiday was established
- Expansion of the YHA
- People started to live longer = Grey Pound
- Package holidays were becoming more popular
- Increase in middle class consumers
- More countries were opening up and welcoming tourists
- People had more Disposable Income
- Aircrafts and Railways were developing
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What is a Motivating Factor?
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Something that influences people to travel/ visit a place.
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Examples of Motivating Factors?
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- Physical and Personal
- Cultural
- Inter-Personal
- Status & Prestige
- Extrinsic
- Intrinsic
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What are Enabling Factors?
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Something that allows people to travel.
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Examples of Enabling Factors?
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- Disposable Income
- Transport Links
-Infrastructure
- Knowledge
- Urbanisation
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How do Socioeconomic factors affect the Industry?
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If you look at a population pyramid, you can get an idea on if a country is rich or poor and healthy or unhealthy for example.
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Expectations and Fashions in the Industry?
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- Influences from the media
- Rich people = New Exclusive places
- All Inclusive
- Influenced by Advertisements and Promotion
- Influenced by VFR
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Tour Operators.
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- TUI
- Thomas Cook
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Who is Thomas Cook?
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Thomas Cook and My Travel merged in 2007.
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Example of Vertical Integration in Thomas Cook?
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- Thomas Cook (TO)
- Co Op Travel (TA)
- Thomas Cook Airline (TO)
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Who is TUI?
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First Choice and TUI merged in 2007. (TUI took over Thomson in 2000)
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Example of Vertical Integration in TUI?
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- TUI (TO)
- First Choice (TA)
- Thomson Airways (TO)
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What are Transport Operators/ Principles?
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An organisation who transport goods or people to destinations.
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Cruise Lines.
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- Royal Caribbean
- Celebrity
- Carnival
- Princess
- Viking
- Cunard
- P&O
- Saga
- Costa
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Budget Airlines.
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- Ryanair
- Jet2
- Easy Jet
- BMI Baby
- Flybe
- Monarch (?)
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Other Airlines.
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- British Airways
- Virgin Atlantic
- Qantas
- Emirates
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Train Operators.
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- Virgin Trains
- Eurostar
- Arriva
- First
- Northern Rail
- CrossCountry
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Theme Parks.
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- Drayton Manor
- Alton Towers
- Chessington WOA
- Thorpe Park
- Lego Land
- Light Water Valley
- Paultons Park
- Flamingo Land Resort
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UK Zoos/ Safari Parks.
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- Chester Zoo
- Blackpool Zoo
- Whipsnade Zoo
- London Zoo
- Edinburgh Zoo
- Longleat Safari Park
- Knowsley Safari Park
- West Midlands Safari Park
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Other Attractions: BUILT
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- Tower of London
- London Eye
- Natural History Museum
- National Gallery
- Tate Modern
- Buckingham Palace
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Other Attractions: Natural
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- River Thames
- Snowdon
- Cheddar Gorge
- Loch Ness
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Accommodation Providers
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- Hilton
- Premier Inn
- Travelodge
- Holiday Inn
- Thistle
- DeVere
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What are Ancillary Service Providers?
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Ancillary Services are services that are additional to support the Industry. They help the main providers operate more efficiently.
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Examples of Ancillary Services?
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- Travel Insurance
- Tickets (attraction/ event)
- Car Hire
- Airport Parking
- Money Exchange
- Customs
- Boarder Control
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Definition Intangible.
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Can't be seen or touched; has no physical presence. E.g. customer service
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Define Perishable.
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The fact that services cannot be produced and stockpiled (inventoried) before consumption: they exist only at the time of their production.
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Perishable Example.
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Seats on an Aeroplane. If there were 100 seats on a plane and only 90 had been sold, then those 10 seats cant be stored for a future flight, they would need to be sold. In order to sell these tickets they would have to lower the price, advertise
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Define Vertical Integration.
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Vertical Integration is when one company on one level of the chain buys or merges with another company on a different level of the chain. They make up the chain of distribution. For example, a tour operator buying a travel agents or airline.
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