Flashcards
Motor skill learning: expertise, control and coordination
Cards in this deck (17)
- 1What is the difference between hand preference and lateral preference?Hand preference refers to when we have unimanual tasks (one handed) and which hand we prefer to use for that.
Lateral preference is the hand we prefer to put at the end of an object such as which hand will go at the end of the tennis racket. - 2Give a study which looked at the lateral preference and batting direction in baseball players. Explain his results.Grondin 1999, found that 90% of left handed players bat left while only 70% of right handed players bat right. This is because there is a distinct advantage by batting left because the majority of bowlers are right handed making it easier to hit the hall batting left.
- 3Suggest why a left handed players have a more powerful hit when batting left (and RH, BR) compared to a left handed batting right, or right handed batting left.The forehand stroke involves internal rotation of the shoulder, forearm, and pronation of the forearm. This means there are more parts of the body involved with this hit. So players might sacrifice power for a better strategic hit, increasing their batting average.
- 4why do batters warm up with a heavy bat? Is the backed up by research?Generally thought that when they go back to a normal bat they will have a faster swing. Ostuji 2002 found that there was no difference in batting speed by warming up using a weighted bat, the effect was purely psychological.
- 5How does the putting of novices differ from experts in the way they change their putting distance?Delay 1997, found that experts change the downswing amplitude to hit the ball further distances while novices vary the speed of the putting stroke.
- 6Explain how Bardy 1998 looked at the differences between how gymnastics control body orientation during a somersault.compared experts and novice when they had their eyes open and closed. Experts constantly change their body position as they make the somersault while novice don't, removing vision causes experts to alter their adaptive movements in the air, showing vision is an important aspect of this adaption.
- 7Give some characteristics of a motor skill.Linking receptor and effector functions (hand-eye coordination). precise timing of movements and anticipation of motor responses. Graded variations in the amount of direction and duration of responses.
- 8What constitutes expert performance?high level of spatial and temporal consistency - basically all movements are practically the same every time we make them. For example in long jump experts are able to hit the board very accurately most times even when running at full pace.
- 9What did button 2003 find when comparing novice and expert basketball players free throws?The variability of ball movement was not significantly different between novice and expert, however the consistency of the elbow and wrist movement was much higher in experts compared to novice.
- 10Suggest a method used to reduce the degrees of freedom problem at an early stage of skill acquisition. How might this change as we get better as a skill?Freezing joints to remove a degree of freedom. If they don't move then we don't have to think about them - less to think about it good for cognitive phase of learning.
A process called freeing occurs as we start to become better at a skill, allowing for more skilled behaviour. - 11Suggest some evidence for the freezing theory.When novice skiers were observed doing the slalom, it was found that the range of movement around joint was small, as well as the learns tending not to move the joints individually.
Also when batters were given electrical simtualtion to causes stress, the time between different phases of batting were significantly higher indicating freezing was occurring under stressful situations. - 12What is the linear chain theory?The way in which we control a sequence of close movements such as a baseball swing- one movement serves as a stimuli for the next. However we often begin one movement before finishing the last.
- 13what is the difference between open and closed loop control?Open loop control has no feedback and it is generally a very fast movement which won't have time for correction.
Closed loop control has input of perceptual feedback, allowing corrections to be made during the movement. - 14What kind of skills would a generalised motor program be suitable for?Fast ballistic movements.
- 15What information would we store for generalized motor programs?enviroemtnal conditions before, parameter values (what to move and when to move it), knowledge of correct outcome, sensory consequences of movement.
- 16How does the predictive control theory help to address the degrees of freedom problem.Because we always move our hand to catch a ball at the same speed regardless of how fast the ball is traveling then wait for the ball to come to us we don't need to adapt out movement speed depending on the situation.
- 17What is the difference between predictive control theory and the prospective control theory?prospective involved getting to the right place at the right time, so varying our hand speed to catch a ball depending how fast the ball is traveling (i.e hand is controlled by closed loop) Whereas the predictive is just a fixed movement speed and then we just wait for the ball to get to us.
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- Skill Acquisition and Motor Learning Flashcards on Untitled, created by alexlpeart on 05/05/2014.
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