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| Question | Answer |
| Thorndike's definition of observational learning | Learning to do an act by seeing it done |
| Why is Observational learning important? | In humans it facilitates the transmission of cultural norms, in animals it facilitates the transmission of information |
| Observational learning can facilitate learning but it depends on the ___ of the task | Complexity. Learning to pull a thumbs up vs. learning to play piano |
| Behaviour learnt through obsevation but can be explained in terms of instinctual responses or as part of a previously established learning process is? | Obsevational Learning |
| True Imitation requires behaviour... | 1. occurring without the model, 2. is new to the observer, 3. change is long lasting, 4. doesn't require reinforcement |
| Conspecific? | Members of the same species |
| Social Contagions | Yawning, smiling, laughing. unconditioned responses to relevant social stimuli |
| Social Facilitation | Behaviour is already in repetoire, occurrs because model prompts the behaviour. Often transitory |
| Response Facilitation | Increase in species specific behaviour in the presence of conspecifics. Chicken pecking. |
| Local Enhancement | Model makes an aspect of the environment more salient, shortening the time it takes the observer to learn the behaviour |
| Stimulus Enhancement | Model makes an aspect of the stimulus more salient, shortens the time it takes the observer to learn the behaviour |
| Vicarious Pavlovian Conditioning | A possible extention of Social Contagion. Liking or disliking of a stimulus without direct exposure to it. |
| Vicarious Pavlovian Conditioning - fear of needles | Mother has fear of needles (CS needles paired with US pain elicits UR fear). We see mother's fear (US) and this elicits our own fear (UR). This needles also become CS of fear. |
| Theories of Imitation | Instinctual theories, Operant theories, Generalised operant theories, Bandura's Social learning theory. |
| Instinctual theory | Imitation is innate. Evidence in the baby making faces experiments. However, this theory cannot predict imitation thus inadequate. Although, there are mirror neurons which fire to perhaps facilitate imitation but not cause it. |
| Operant theories | Model behaviour (stimulus):Imitation (behaviour) ->Reward (consequence). It appears imitations can be shaped or learnt. However, not all imitated behaviours are reinforced. |
| Generalised operant theories | Rewarding imitation reinforces the specific behaviour & the imitation behaviour. |
| Social learning Theory | Two stages; Vicarious acquisition & imitative performance. Acquisition can occur when watching behaviour but performance only occurs when reinforcement is expected. |
| Generalised Operant theory can explain the difference between leaning and performance also. | A discriminative stimuli. When models are reinforced or reinforcer is expected then S+, but when model is punished or reinforcement is not expected then S- |
| Social learning theory requires these factors | Attentional processes (attention to the relevant features). Retentional processes (verbal rehearsal). Motor reproductive processes (viewer must possess appropriate motor skill). Incentive & motivational processes (expectation of reinforcement). 1st three is acquisition, last is performance. |
| Characteristics of model which affects acquisition and performance | Social dominance, "Rewardingness" & power over resources, Similarity between model and observer. |
| Influence on performance | Previous reinforcement of imitative behaviour, outcome of model, present reinforcement for imitating |
| Inverse Imitation happens if... | consequences for model is negative, we dislike the model, reinforcement is available for inverse imitation |
| Applications of modeling | Treatment of phobias, learning situations (ailine safety, social interaction, cognitive development), problem behaviours (drug use). |
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