8418928
Description
Flashcards by Elisa Fumero, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Elisa Fumero
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| When did State Capitalism begin? | October 1917 |
| What did State Capitalism begin as? | a transitional phase |
| When was the Land Decree passed and what did it say? | October 1917, no private ownership of land, peasants control farmland |
| When was the Decree on Workers' Control passed and what did it say? | November 1917, workers could set wages and work hours |
| When was the Vesenkha made and what was it? | December 1917, government department that managed economy |
| When did the army create a single state bank? | 14 December 1917 |
| What were the results of State Capitalism? | production slumped because of laziness, conflict between private businesses and the government |
| When did War Communism begin? | June 1918 |
| What did the Decree on Nationalisation allow? | the government to own businesses with more than 10 workers |
| How many businesses were nationalised by 1920 thanks to the Decree on Nationalisation? | 37000 |
| What did the Vesenkha control during WC? | industry |
| What did the unemployed do during WC? | build roads and clear woodland |
| What else did the government do during WC? | owned grain surplus and introduced rationing |
| Why did the use of money decrease during WC? | workers were often paid with goods |
| What were the successes of WC? | full-employment, money was abolished, no free market, control of industry, Red Army won |
| Why was there full employment during WC? | men aged 16-50 had to work |
| Who welcomed the crisis and why? | Bukharin because he believed a sense of suffering was good before embracing communism |
| What were the failures of WC? | political unrest in the countryside, food shortages, decrease in working conditions, black market, opposition to grain requisitioning, unrest with the army, low industrial production |
| When did the Tambov uprising happen? | August 1920 to June 1921 |
| How many people died because of the food shortages? | 6 million |
| Why was the black market a problem? | very popular (60% of food consumed bought here) |
| When was the Kronstadt mutiny? | March 1921 |
| By how much did the industrial production decrease during WC? | 1920 was 70% less than 1913 |
| When did the New Economic Policy begin? | March 1921 |
| What did the NEP change? | ended seizure of crops, allowed peasants to sell surplus, introduced a new currency, allowed small businesses to be established |
| What did the NEP keep? | control of banks, heavy industry, transportation and foreign trade |
| What were the causes of the NEP? | problems with infrastructure, Kronstadt Rebellion, no control of the countryside, population crisis, economic chaos, little support |
| What good things did the NEP achieve? | increased food production because of incentive, increase in industrial production, problems with infrastructure were solved, vibrant culture |
| By how much did agricultural production increase between 1921-4? | 14 million tons a year |
| What doubled in industrial production between 1921-4? | coal and textile |
| By what year were water and electricity more reliable? | 1926 |
| What were the bad effects of the NEP? | prostitution, gambling, drug dealing, division of the party, Scissors Crisis, excess of food |
| Who liked and who disliked the NEP? | Bukharin and Trotsky |
| Why was the fact that there was more food than demand bad? | the price of food was low so peasants didn't earn much |
| Why did the price of manufactured goods go up? | there was not enough to meet demands |
| What was the Scissors Crisis? | high price of manufactured goods, low price of food = big class gap |
| When was Collectivisation introduced? | 1927 |
| What did Collectivisation do? | merged small farms into larger ones, which were supplied with modern fertilisers and equipment |
| When and what was the first stage of Collectivisation? | 1927-9, Grain Procurement Crisis = kulaks withheld grain to increase its price. This justified the need for Collectivisation |
| When and what was the second stage of Collectivisation? | 1928-9, introduction of emergency powers = introduction of rationing and grain requisitioning |
| What was the third stage of Collectivisation? | Dekulakisation = property of kulaks confiscated to be shared out, the kulaks resisted by destroying resources |
| What was the fourth stage of Collectivisation? | 25000 industrial workers sent to the countryside to offer advice on Collectivisation = however they confiscated hidden resources, removed kulaks, forced peasants to collectivise |
| What was the economic reason for introducing Collectivisation? | inefficient agriculture |
| What was the political reason for introducing Collectivisation? | attract Trotsky's former supporters and defeat Bukharin with bigger power base, distinct himself from Lenin |
| What was the ideological reason for introducing Collectivisation? | more socialist than NEP |
| What was the military reason for introducing collectivisation? | imminent war with the Nazis so infrastructure and surplus of food needed |
| What were the successes of Collectivisation? | quick implementation, more communist than NEP, increase in grain exports, foundation for industrialisation |
| By what year were all farms collectivised? | 1941 |
| By how much did the amount of grain exported increase between 1928-33? | 12 million tonnes |
| How much did the percentage of people who were industrial workers change from 1928 to 1939? | 18% to 50% |
| What were the failures of Collectivisation? | lower levels of food produced, human suffering |
| By how much did the production of food decrease during Collectivisation? | in 1933 the harvest was 9 million tonnes less than in 1926 |
| How much of the food consumed by the army during Collectivisation was American? | a fifth |
| How many people died in Ukraine during the famine of 1932-3? | 5 million |
| Why did Stalin begin the FYPs? | said that communism was his goal, he had an unstable position in Lenin's shadow, industrialisation was needed |
| When was the First Five Year Plan? | 1928-32 |
| What were the success of the FFYP? | economy grows 14% per year; iron and workforce doubled |
| What were the failures of the FFYP? | poor quality of products; more produced than in demand; bad living and working conditions; shortages of consumer goods |
| When was the Second Five Year Plan? | 1933-7 |
| What were the successes of the SFYP? | heavy industry continued to increase; Moscow Metro opened in 1935; bread rationing ended in 1934; defence spending increased by 13% |
| What were the failures of the SFYP? | shortages of consumer goods; low quality of things produced; shortages of vital resources |
| In 1934, how many people queued for shoes in Leningrad? | 6000 |
| When was the Third Five Year Plan? | 1938-1941 |
| What were the successes of the TFYP? | 33% of total government spending to army by 1940; 9 new aircraft factories in 1939; coal increased by 30% from 1937-40 |
| What were the failures of the TFYP? | disorganised; consumer goods suffered; poor living and working conditions |
| When was the Fourth Five Year Plan? | 1946-1950 |
| What were the successes of the FoFYP? | industrial output increased by another 80%; 1/4 of expenditure into military; consumer goods doubled; fastest growing economy |
| What were the failures of the FoFYP? | only 12% expenditure in food and consumer goods; low wages; bad working and living conditions |
| How did Stalin transform the Russian economy? | increased heavy industry production, size of labour force increased, high rate of economic growth |
| How did Stalin fail to transform the Russia economy? | chaos, shortages of consumer goods |
| What problems was Khrushchev facing when he became the leader? | low levels of agricultural production; shortages of consumer goods; poor living and working conditions; slow economic growth |
| When was the Seven Year Plan? | 1959 |
| When was the Virgin Land Scheme? | 1953 |
| When was the Corn Campaign? | 1958 |
| By taking less food and spending more in agriculture, what did Khrushchev achieve? | 250% increase in farm incomes between 1952-6 |
| How much did the production of consumer goods increase between 1959-65? | 60% |
| By how much did the total area farmed increase thanks to the Virgin Land Scheme? | 79.2 million hectares between 1953 and 1964 |
| How many more tractors were available by 1955? | 30% |
| How much did the quality of fertilisers increase by 1955? | 40% |
| How much was being spent in agriculture by 1959? | 12.8% a year |
| By how much did the Virgin Land Scheme increase agricultrual production? | 35.3% between 1954-8 |
| Why was agriculture inefficient under Khrushchev? | 50% of workers worked in agriculture and yet produced half the amount of what Americans could produce with just 5% |
| What caused chaos in industry under Khrushchev? | in 1957, the Gosplan was replaced by 105 regional planning agencies. This was reversed in 1958 |
| Why was the Virgin Land Scheme so expensive? | land unsuitable so needed irrigation |
| Why was centrally organised agriculture inefficient? | wrong fertilisers were delivered |
| What did Brezhnev reverse? | Party reunited and Gosplan returned in 1965. FYPs returned in 1966 |
| What were the Kosygin reforms? | judged managers by profit made; gave some industrial planning to managers |
| When were the Kosygin reforms abandoned? | 1965 |
| By 1976, how much was being spent in agriculture? | 26% |
| By 1970, how much was being spent in military? | 13% |
| What was different about the NFYP (1971-5)? | factories were linked to science research institutes |
| What were Andropov's three reforms? | anti-corruption campaign in 1982, anti alcohol campaign, Operation Trawl (arrest drunks) |
| Why did nothing change in Russia? | Failure of agricultural policies, disorganised economic planning, stagnation under Brezhnev, excessive levels of military spending, problems of command economy |
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