8490107
Description
Flashcards by Dhara Bechra, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Dhara Bechra
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Piliavin et al. (1969) - Bystander Behaviour | 1964- Kitty Genovese fatally stabbed in NY.Police suggested 38 possible witnesses, but done nothing to help. Lack of help due to 'Diffusion of responsibility'. |
| Aim & Research Questions | To find out whether diffusion of responsibility does apply in all situations, and what other factors might influence helping behaviour. To study the factors affecting whether people would help a collapsed man on NY underground. |
| Research Method | Field experiment Independent measures design IV's: Victim's responsibility (carrying cane or smell of alcohol) Victim's race: black or white Presence of model: whether male confed. close or distant, helped 70-150 secs. Number of bystanders. |
| Research Method (2) | DV: Time taken for first passenger to help. Total number of passengers who helped. |
| Sample | Opportunity sample: 4500 passengers in NY subway. Average 43 per carriage. 45% black, 55% white 4 Experimenter: 2 (f)- observers, 1(m)-confederate (role model), 1(m)- victim. |
| Procedure | Each trial- 7.5 minutes 2 conditions: drunk condition- victim smelled of alcohol and carried bottle wrapped in brown paper bag. cane condition- victim limping and carried a cane. |
| Procedure (2) | 4 men aged 24-29 dressed identically - role models of helping behaviour. Applied to both conditions. 70 secs after trained pulled out, victim staggered in, if not helped, model would step in after 70 or 150 secs. |
| Procedure (3) | 2 female observers recorded time it took for passengers to help as well as race, gender, and location of passengers in carriage. Also recorded comments made in each condition. |
| Results | Cane victim received 95% help (62/65 trials) Drunk victim received 50% help (19/38 trials) Cane victim helped on average within secs. Drunk victim helped on average within 109 secs. |
| Results (2) | Only 24% of drunk victims helped before role model stepped in. 91% of cane victims helped before role model stepped in. Black victims helped less quickly - especially in drunk condition. |
| Results (3) | Neither race helped more. Slight 'same race' effect - whites more likely to help white victims and blacks more likely to help black victims. 80% first helpers were male. More passengers near victim, more likely help was given. |
| Conclusion | Two-factor Model: 1) emergency situation creates sense of empathy in bystander. Empathy increased if person feels sense of identity with victim, or physically close to victim. Arousal reduced by helping directly or indirectly. |
| Conclusion (2) | 2) Helping behaviour is determined by cost-reward calculation. If possible costs are greater than possible rewards, help is less likely to be given. |
| Evaluation | Field experiment- high ecological validity due to real life setting - difficult to control extraneous variables. Collected both quantitative and qualitative data. |
| Evaluation (2) | Ethical issues: Harm and distress- people observing may feel anxious or guilty. Consent- passengers didn't give consent to taking part in experiment. Deception- deceived by collapsed actor, not informed later that actor was ok. |
| Evaluation (3) | Withdrawal- passengers not able to ask to have data removed as they didn't know about the experiment. Debriefing- passengers were not debriefed. Internal reliability poor as in natural setting. |
| Evaluation (4) | Also passengers may have taken part more than once if they travel same route regularly. Opportunity sampling- unlikely to be representative. |
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