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Flashcards

Interrogating Suspects

Eleni Blakemore Criminal and Forensic (PS3181) English 51 cards

Cards in this deck (51)

  1. 1Guildford Four Case1973: falsely accused and sentenced to life in prison
    Police coercion (torture, intimidation) to obtain confessions, long hours of questioning
    1989: convictions were quashed
  2. 2Birmingham Six Case1975: sentenced to life imprisonment
    Deprived of food, sleep, threats, beating
    1991: freed by Court of Appeals
  3. 3Fisher inquiry (1977)3 youths wrongly confessed to murder and charged by MET police
  4. 4Royal Commission Criminal Procedure (1981)Resulted in research (Softley, 1980)
  5. 5Police & Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984Mandatory tape recording of suspect interviews
    Safeguard for mentally disordered or at risk
  6. 6Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (1993)22 studies commissioned including Gudjonssion's work on vulnerable suspects
  7. 7What is confirmation bias (Nickerson, 1998)?People seek, perceive, interpret and create evidence that verifies pre-existing beliefs
  8. 8Todd Johnson CaseBluff tactic- police said that the blood in his car provided a DNA match
    Exhausting 19hr questioning - he confessed
    Thought that tests would prove his innocence
  9. 9Jeffrey DeskowicPolice led him to believe they had collected his DNA at rape/murder scene
    Released 16 years later, DNA matched to actual perpetrator
  10. 10Madrid BombingsMarch (2004): terrorist train bombing
    Latent fingerprint verified by 3 experts and court as Brandon Mayfield
    eventually matched to Ouhnane Daoud
  11. 11Elaad et al. (1994)Polygraph: 10 examiners examining 14 charts
    told that for 1/2 charts suspects had confessed
    Examiners were more likely to say they were deceptive in this condition but only where ambiguous
    No difference between trained/untrained examiners
  12. 12Kassin et al. (2013)Judgements on fingerprints are influenced by psychological factors (human element) and contextual information (high profile, pressure)
  13. 13Dror & Rosenthal (2008)Reliability of fingerprint judgements falls between .33-.80
  14. 14Kassin et al. (2003)Suspects guilty or innocent of mock crime questioned by interviewers who were told 'most guilty' or 'most innocent'
    Those told most guilty: used interrogation techniques, more pressure to confess, guilt-presumptive questions
  15. 15Tversky & Kahneman (1974)Belief confirming processes are part of human cognition
  16. 16Kassin (2005)Confession have the most impact on jurors even when they believe it has been coerced
  17. 17Gudjonsson & Petussion (1991)3 ways why 74 offenders in Iceland confessed:
    1. Internal pressure (get it off my chest)
    2. External pressure (police behaviour, custodial factors)
    3. Proof (real or fabricated)
  18. 18Who uses the information gathering procedures?UK, New Zealand, Australia
    Characterised by rapport-building, truth seeking and active listening
  19. 19Who used the accusatorial procedures?USA and Canada
    Characterised by confrontational and guilt-presumptive approach
  20. 20Meissner et al. (2012)Meta-analysis, 12 studies
    IG produced higher frequency of true confessions and lower frequency of false confessions
    4 dimensions they differ on:
    1: Relationship with suspect
    2: Questioning
    3: Primary Intended Outcome
    3: Deception detection
  21. 21Reid's Nine Steps of Interrogation (CTDOAMQOW)1. Direct, postive confrontation
    2. Theme Development
    3. Handling denials
    4. Overcoming objetions
    5. Procurement and retention of suspect's attention
    6. Handling passive mood
    7. Provide alternate questions
    8. Orally provide details
    9. Turn oral confession into a written one
  22. 22What is minimisation and maximisation?Minimisation: emotional suspect = lull into false sense of security = victim blame
    Maximisation = non-emotional suspect = intimidate and scare suspect
  23. 23What are the advantages and disadvantages of Reid's model?Advantages: influential, advocated as a technique
    Disadvantages: confirmation bias, feel guilty, unethical, not highly regarded
  24. 24Leo (1996)Accusatorial techniques result in more incriminating information
  25. 25Feld (2013)Lower levels of emotion, more of confrontation techniques in accusatorial methods
  26. 26King & Snook (2009)Accusatorial can result in full/partial confession even for crimes they did not do
  27. 27Adrian P. Thomas Case2008: confessed to killing his infant son
    Interrogation was videotaped: coercion and confession was involuntary
    2014: conviction overturned by Court of Appeals
    New York police agencies began to revise interrogation protocols
  28. 28PEACE Model (PPEEACE)Preparation and planning
    Engage & Explain
    Account
    Closure
    Evaluate
  29. 29What are the advantages of the PEACE Model?Not focused on confessions, no coercion, no deception detection
  30. 30Clarke & Milner (2001)Examined 177 interviews with suspects and witness, 2/3rds trained in PEACE
    Few differences in trained/untrained
    10% breaching PEACE - unethical
  31. 31Warren Blackwell CasePost PEACE
    1999: jailed for 3 years for sexual assault
    2010: received an apology from Northamptonshire police
    Victims had previously made up allegation
    Police error in not examining discrepancies in her account
  32. 32Bull & Soukara (2009)50% of suspect interviews involve challenging their account
  33. 33Ministry of Justice (2011)ABE guideline: witness may be susceptible to suggestion, compliance and acquiescence
  34. 34O'Mahoney et al. (2013)ABE is not given to investigators who conduct suspect interviews
  35. 35Clare & Gudjonnson (1995)Those with intellectual disabilities think
    - Question could be retracted
    - Less aware of false confession consequences
    - Not believe could be used as evidence in court
    - That can go home after confessing
  36. 36What are the three types of confession?1. Voluntary confession
    2. Coerced compliant confession: shortchanged term benefits, instrumental gain
    3. Coerced internalised confession: fatigue, stress
    Believe guilty even if innocent
  37. 37Why would someone falsely confess?- Desire to protect someone (Sigurdsson & Gidjonsson, 2003)
    - Need for fame: attention seeking
    - Escape pressures of interrogation situation
    - Believe that if confess = treated more leniently
    - Inability to distinguish reality from fantasy (Gudjonsson, 2002)
  38. 38Central Park Jogger Case1989: 5 teenagers aged 14-16 confessed to violent attacks in a 14-30hr interrogation
    Served 7-13 years in jail
    2002: a convicted murderer confessed and DNA exonerated boys
    Told investigators what they wanted to hear- thought they could go home after
  39. 39Stephen Kiszuko CaseMA= 12, spent 16 years in jail for murder & assault of school girl
    Suggestibility: came to accept messages communicated at questioning (Gudjonnson & Clarke, 1986)
    Compliance: please interviewer, avoid conflict (Gudjonsson, 2003)
    Acquiescence: tendency for interviewee to answer yes to questions
  40. 40Stephen Downing CaseGraveyard gardener, MA =11
    Found body, covered in blood- informed the police
    16 hours of interrogation - jailed for 27 years
    Coerced internalised confession
  41. 41Gudjonnson (2003)Coerced internalised confession linked to memory distrust syndrome
    A lack of trust in one's own recollection (Gudjonsson, 2003)
  42. 42What are the two forms of memory distrust syndrome?1. People come to develop false memories
    2. Falsely believe they committed a crime- no memories
  43. 43Kassin et al. (1997)What makes people more susceptible to memory distrust syndrome?
    Vulnerability: substance abuse, low IQ
    False evidence of guilt: failed polygraph, told DNA found at scene
  44. 44Kassin & Kiechel (1996)Alt key study
    Asked to enter data - if press Alt = crash
    Crashed, accomplice said saw them do it
    69% falsely confessed to pressing the key
  45. 45Herlenberg et al. (2005)Adding serious consequence to the ALT key study
    If falsely confess = fail final year
    Still falsely confessed - experiment had to be stopped
  46. 46Redich & Goodman (2003)Alt key in children (12-13, 15-16 and college students)
    - Children more likely to take responsibility of alt key printout
    - More suggestible = more likely to sign confession
    - 69% falsely confessed, 39% internalised confession
  47. 47Russano et al. (2005)Intnentional act: given opportunity to cheat by giving answer to confederate
    = guilty or innocent suspects
    Guilty (71.6%) and innocent (20.3%) likely to confess
    Leniency manipulated by minimisation or via a deal
    Minimisation used = 57.4 vs. not = 34.5
    Deal used = 54.1 vs. not = 37.8% confessed
    Both minimisation and deal used lead to a dramatic increase in confession rates
  48. 48Association of Chief of Police OfficersClarke & Milne (2001) evaluation of PEACE changes: research impacting policy
  49. 492012: needs of vulnerable suspect in CJS- Recognition of vulnerabilities
    - Effective participation of vulnerable suspects
    - Introduction of audio + video recordings of police interviews
  50. 50Cooper & Wurtzel (2013)What is vulnerable? How to support them? Intermediaries only offered to vulnerable witnesses
  51. 51O'Mahoney et al. (2013)Officers should use different communication skills when confronting discrepancies in vulnerable suspect's account
    The complexity of language used in courtrooms

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Criminal and Forensic (PS3181) Flashcards on Interrogating Suspects, created by Eleni Blakemore on 24/04/2017.
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Eleni Blakemore
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