Flashcards
AQA GCSE Psychology Sex and Gender
Cards in this deck (42)
- 1Sex identityA biological term. A child's sex can be identified by their hormones and chromosomes. This is either male and female., and defined the same way across the all cultures.
- 2Gender identitryA psychological term. A child's gender identity can be identified by their attitudes and behaviours. This is either feminine and masculine, and defined differently across different cultures.
- 3Female chromosomeXX
- 4Male chromosomeXY
- 5Female hormoneOestrogen
- 6Male hormoneTestosterone
- 7Phallic stageFreud's 3rd stage in psychosexual development (3-5 years) in which gender development takes place
- 8IdentificationTo adopt the attitudes and behaviours of the same sex parents
- 9Oedipus complexThe conflict experienced by a boy in the phallic stage because he unconsciously desires his mother and is afraid of his father (castration fear).
- 10Electra complexThe conflict experienced by a girl in the phallic stage because she unconsciously desires her father and is afraid of losing her mother's love.
- 11Oedipus complex explanation- The boy sexually desires his mother
- Is afraid his father will find out and castrate him
- To resolve this complex, he gives up his feelings for his mother and identifies with his father - 12Electra complex explanation- The girl sexually desires her father
- Is afraid her mother will find out and stop loving her
- To resolve this complex, she gives up his feelings for her father and identifies with her mother - 13Freud aimTo investigate Little Hans' phobia
- 14Freud MethodHans' father wrote to Freud about his 4-year old son's phobia pf horses -particularly a large white one with black around the mouth. He was frightened that a horse might bite him or fall down
- 15Freud ResultsFreud claimed that Hans was experiencing the Oedipus complex. He displaced his fear of his father onto horses. The white horse with black around the mouth represented the father who had a dark beard. The fear of being bitten represented his castration fear and the fear of horses falling down was his unconscious desire of seeing his father dead.
- 16Freud conclusionThis supports Freud's ideas about the Oedipus complex
- 17Gender disturbanceNot developing the gender identity usually associated with one's sex.
- 18Rekers and Moray aimTo investigate whether there is a relationship between gender disturbance and family background
- 19Rekers and Moray methodResearchers rated 46 boys with gender disturbance for gender behaviour and gender identity. The family background was also investigated.
- 20Rekers and Moray results75% of most severely gender disturbed boys had neither a biological father or a father substitute living with them.
- 21Rekers and Moray conclusionBoys who do not have a father figure present during their childhood are more likely to develop a problem with their gender identity
- 22Psychodynamic theory evaluation- Very difficult to test, because it is based on unconscious thoughts and feelings
- Does not explains the increase in lone-parent households, but not an increase in homosexuality
- Little evidence for the Oedipus and Electra complexes (Hans was only 1 kid) - 23ModellingA role model provides an example for
the child - 24ImitationCopying the behaviour of a role model
- 25Vicarious reinforcementLearning from the model being either rewarded or punished
- 26People who are likely to be role models- Similar to them (friends, same-sex parents)
- Powerful (teachers, older siblings, parents)
- Loving and caring (parents, teachers) - 27Perry and Bussey aimTo show that children imitate behaviour carried out by same-sex role models
- 28Perry and Bussey MethodChildren were shown films of children carrying out unfamiliar activities
Condition 1: All the male role models played with one activity, and all the female role models played with the other
Condition 2: Each activity was done by male and female role models - 29Perry and Bussey ResultsCondition 1: Boys did the activity they had seen the male role models do, Girls did the activity they had seen the female role models do
Condition 2: There was no difference between the activities that they chose (based on personal preference) - 30Perry and Bussey ConclusionWhen children are in an unfamiliar situation, they will observe and imitate the behaviour shown by same sex role models.
- 31How does media influence gender?TV shows show males and females in very stereotyped ways, so children have highly gender stereotyped role models
- 32Social learning theory evaluation- Well supported by research
- Does not explain why children in single parent households without a strong same sex role models have no problem developing gender
- Does not explain why 2 children of the same sex, in the same household, with the same role models behave differently
- Ignores biological differences - 33Gender stereotypesBelieving that all males are similar and all females are similar
- 34Gender schemaThe mental building block of knowledge that we have about each gender that we gather based on our experiences. This can change throughout life.
- 35Martin aimTo show that children's understanding of gender becomes less stereotyped thus more flexible as they get older
- 36Martin MethodChildren heard stories about the toys that male and female characters enjoyed playing with. Some like gender-stereotyped toys, others didn't. Children were then asked to predict what other toys the characters would enjoy playing with.
- 37Martin ResultsYounger children based their decisions solely on the sex of the character.
Older children based their decision on the sex on the sex and the other toys they enjoyed playing with - 38Martin conclusionOlder children have a more flexible view of gender than younger children.
- 39Gender roleBehaviour seen as masculine or feminine by a particular culture
- 40Highly gender schematizedWhere gender is an important way of thinking about the world so information is organised in what is gender appropriate and what isn't
- 41Gender schema theory explanation- Children become aware of what sex they are at age 2
- They then learn about gender from what they see and experience
- Here, ideas are rigid and stereotyped
- As they get older, they gain more knowledge, and their gender schemas become more flexible - 42Gender schema theory evaluation- Most detailed and thorough explanation of gender development
- Intuitive appeal
- Lots of evidence
- Doesn't explain why more children are more highly gender schematized than others
- Why gender begins to develop at age 2
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- All you need to know for Sex and Gender exam. Enjoy! =)
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- Diana Domingues
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