Flashcards
Memory - Childhood Amnesia & Fetal Memory
Cards in this deck (39)
- 1Fetal Memory FrameworksInnate vs Acquired
-is fatal ability indicative of later childhood men?
Domain Specific vs Domain General
-Can you demonstrate similar memory perf. across all areas
Quantitative vs Qualitative
-can fatal memory change in type (quality) or amount (quantity) - 2Implicit Memory ParadigmsClassical conditioning
-SPELT (1948)
Pair vibrations with loud noises
-fetus responds to ucs 1st time
- after 15-20 repeated pairing respond to vibration alone - 3HABITUATION - HEPPER & SHADIDULLAH (1992)Auditory stimuli with movement as response
-habituate to 250hz pure tone
-respond to fresh 500hz tone
-habituate to 500hz tone
-dis habituate to orig. 250hz tone but learn to re habituate faster - 4Declarative vs Non DeclarativeNon Declarative - easily demonstrated
Declarative - Difficult to demonstrate
--you need to consciously recollect a memory
--Be able to verbalise memory - 5Inferring Declarative MemoryExposure Training
- Measures the effects of exposure
-non nutritive sucking paradigm
--sucking controls stimulus - 6DeCasper & Fifer (1980) {1}-Measured baseline sucking
-mothers and strangers record themselves reading story - 7DeCasper & Fifer (1980) {2}-2 CONDITIONS
-- increasing suck rate compared to baseline rewarded with mum (decrease = stranger)
--Increasing suck rate compared to baseline rewarded with stranger (decreasing = mum) - 8DeCasper & Fifer (1980) {3}Results
--immediately - both groups sucked at appropriate rate to hear mum
--Nxt Day - Children remembered suck rate
THEN THEY REVERSED CONDITIONS
- Only 80 learned to reverse their suck rate - 9DeCasper & Spence (1986)12 pregnant women selected and read a story everyday for last 6 wks of pregnancy.
-birth baseline sucking recorded - 10DeCasper & Spence (1986) {2}--Same conditions as before
-Rewarded by mom either reading familiar story of unfamiliar story
-Sucked at rate that produced familiar story - 11Manipulating Exposure Fifer & Moon (1995)Altered voices so they sounded like they were being listened to in the womb
-preferred womb mother voice to non womb mother or stranger - 12DeCasper et al (1994) {1}A test of recognition in utero
-28 women recited one of 2 rhymes 3 times per day for 4 wks
-fetus tested at 37wks - 13DeCasper et al (1994) {2}-played recording of both (spoken by unfamiliar female) to fetus using speakers placed close to the mother abdomen
-fetal HR decreased sig. to familiar rhyme - 14Fetal Soap Addiction HEPPER (1988)2/3 Day old infants whose mother watched Neighbours were noted to be altered when neighbours theme was played
-ultrasound measure of response to tune in utero
-30wks = no increase
37wks= sig. increase in movement
Duration - 21 days after birth - 15Declarative Memory NELSON (1995)argues for qualitative change in memory development
-memory moves through serial stages
--implicit - pre explicit - explicit - 16Is development domain specific?-Audition is one of the later senses to develop
-maybe memory develops differently for other sensory domains
-We know relatively little about other sensory -memory - 17Fetal Visionleast stimulated
-26th wk HR changes when light shone on mothers abdomen - 18Fetal TouchTouch develops @ 8 wks
Retracts from lip/cheek touch 8/9wks - 19Fetal Chemosensation- smell & taste - kidneys function @ 12wks
- Prenatal test - Discriminate sweet & bitter @ 15/16 wks (LILEY 1972)
-Postnatally - Prefer mothers odour (SCHOAL ET AL. 2004) - 20CHILDHOOD AMNESIA...
- 21CHILDHOOD MEMORY1st memory btwn 2-4yrs
-brief isolated ep. of remembering
-PARADOX
--childhood is period of rapid learning
--memories of childhood are forgotten - 22Freud on infantile amnesia..."There is no, in my opinion, been enough astonishment over this fact"
- 23KEY CONCLUSIONS @ THE TIMEHENRI & HENRI - first memories are usually accompanied by strong emotions
-Sometimes banal & lack emotion - 24FREUD (1899) "SCREEN MEMORIES"-Memories can seem banal & have nothing to justify their survival
-these are a screen = hide painful memories from consciousness
-ignored the fact that most memories are sig. & emotional - 25BLONSKY (1929) FIRST MEMORIES FROM 83 CHILDREN & 190 STUDENTS-mean age earlier memory
-- children = age 3
--students = age 5
-75% were fear/shock related
-supports evolutionary theory(self preservation) - 26USHER & NEISSSER (1993)Identified 4 events that could be easily dated & verified
-Birth of a sibling
-Admission to hospital
-Death of a family member
-Moving House - 27ResultsMemory rare before age 2
majority of 1st memories around age 4
memories accurate
earlier for birth & hospital - 28IMMATURE BRAIN HYPOTHESIS NELSON (1995)imply hierarchical development of implicit & explicit memory systems
Brain structures necessary for LT explicit memory are not functional in the 1st 2yrs of life - 29EVIDENCE AGAINST IMMATURE BRAIN HYPOTHESIS-- ROVEE - COLLIER (work on early episodic memory)
- 30Conjugate Reinforcement TheoryAn operant conditioning procedure
- est. a baseline
- acquisition phase (pair behaviour with a response)
- Measure retention of S-R pairing in the absence of any causal mechanism
- Re measure after an interval - 31Two Memory Tasks ROVEE - COLLIER (1989/1999)1 - EXPLICIT MEMORY
--delayed recognition
2. IMPLICIT MEMORY
-- Reactivation task
infants performance mirrors adult performance with these tasks - 32Explicit memory vulnerable to interferenceeg. given a novel mobile between training and testing
- learning of original mobile is eliminated - 33Affect & recognition vs ReactivationCrying infant less likely to remember original mobile
- reactivation not effected by emotion - 34Specific Learning e.g. DiscriminationConcept learning
- trained with yellow mobile, not responded to blue
- context sensitive
- crib or room changes reduce response - 35Language HypothesisThe emergence of memories has the same developmental trajectory as language
- the end of infantile amnesia depends on the mastery of language as a representational system (NELSON, 1993) - 36PARENT CHILD REMINISCING (NELSON, 1993)- facilitates the sharing of specific memories
- teaches what types of memories to share
-as narrative skill enhances, amnesia diminishes
-elaboration encourages children to tell coherent and elaborative stories from an early age
- the topic of elaboration is culturally specified and early memories share this cultural specificity - 37SELF IDENTITY HYPOTHESISChanges in the development of a personal frame of reference across the lifespan influences retrieval (HOWE & COURAGE, 1997)
Childs development of self across in stages
-18 -24mnths "Rouge test"
-2yrs use self reflexive language (mine) which aids narration
-2-3yrs verbalise self assurance & emotions
- 3 yrs Theory of mind - 38Evidencefound in the correspondence btwn self recognition & self memory
- 39CONCLUSIONS- Children appear to be able to lay down and access explicit memories in childhood
- repression cannot explain the noted effects
- neither can theories of the developing social person highlight
- language and self concept as possible mediators
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- Flashcards on Memory - Childhood Amnesia & Fetal Memory, created by becky92xox on 14/05/2014.
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