Developmental

Question	Answer
Meltzoff and Moore- 1977	Observed interactional synchrony in infants as young as 2 weeks old. Adult displayed 1 of 3 facial expressions and 1 of 3 gestures and child's response filmed.
Isabella et al- 1989	Observed 20 mothers and infants together. Assessed synchrony degree and quality of mother-infant attachment. Found high levels of synchrony associated to better quality mother-infant attachment e.g. Emotional intensity of relationship
Klaus and Kennell- 1976	Compared mums (who 3 days after birth)with extended physical contact for several hours and mums who only had contact during feeding. 1 month later- mums with greater physical contact cuddled baby more and made greater eye contact than mums with less contact. Effects still noticeable 1 year later
Crotwell et al- 2013	Found that 10 min Parent-Child Interaction Therapy improved interactional synchrony in 20 low-income mothers and their pre-school infants compared to control
Feldman- 2012	Synchrony (and reproducity) describe behaviours that occur at the same time
Bowlby- 1969	Children may be distressed when a playmate leaves the room, but this does not signify attachment to them
Bowlby (2)- 1969	Argues most (or all) babies form attachments to a single caregiver before they can develop multiple attachments
Field- 1978	Filmed 4-month old babies. Found primary caregiver fathers, like mothers, spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants than secondary caregiver fathers
Grossman- 2002	Longitudinal study into parents' behaviour and it's relationship to quality of children's attachments into their teens. Found quality of attachment within father less important in teen attachment type than quality of attachment with the mother
Pederson- 1979	Points out that most studies focus on female single mothers from poor social-economic background so maybe social factors related to poverty that produce these outcomes not absence of fathers
Grossman- 2002 (2)	Found fathers as secondary attachment figures had important and distinct role in their children's development involving play and stimulation
Guiton- 1966	Found that chicks imprinted on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate with them as adults
Howe- 1998	Had helped social workers understand risk factors in child abuse and so intervene to prevent it
Sackett- 2002	Harlow's research was unjustifiably unethical that American animal liberation movement was born out of it
Schaffer and Emerson- 1964	Found that most babies folie attach to 1 person 1st but a significant minority formed multiple attachments at the same time
Brazleton et al- 1975	Instructed primary attachment figure to ignore their babies' social releasers. Babies (who were previously shown to be normally responsive) initially showed some distress but eventually some curled up and lay motionless
Bailey et al- 2007	Studied 99 mothers. Those with poor attachment to own parents were more likely to have 1 year olds who were poorly attached
Kagan- 1982	Suggests that temperament (child's genetically influenced personality) is more important influence on behaviour in strange situation
Schaffer and Emerson- 1964 (2)	Showed that for many babies a primary attachment was not the person who fed them
Hay and Vespo- 1988	Suggests that parents teach children to love by modelling attachment behaviours e.g. Hugging other family members and also by rewarding them with approval when they display their own attachment behaviours e.g. That's a lovely smile
Main and Solomon- 1986	Pointed out that one children display atypical attachments which do not fit types A, B, C. This is disorganised attachment- mix of avoidant and resistant behaviour
Takahashi- 1990	Japanese mothers rarely separated from their infants so infants show high levels of separation anxiety (may not cause problems in attachment or development in the future)
Bick et al- 2012	Found 94% agreement in 1 teams (watching the same children)

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	Created by Ella Broomer about 8 years ago