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AQA Geography - The Restless Earth
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- 12 TYPES OF CRUST!!!Oceanic which is denser (5km thick) and continental which is lighter; it is about 30 km thick.
- 2FINISH THIS SENTENCE: The crust is made up of 7 large tectonic plates and many smaller ones. These plates move because of...convection currents within the mantle.
- 3CONVECTION CURRENTS!!!The plates ‘float’ on the molten magma inside the mantle. Convection currents make the plates move.
- 4Around the edge of the Pacific Plate???RING OF FIREEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
- 5Where are volcanoes found???They are found along plate boundaries. These are the most unstable parts of the crust because of movement by convection currents in the mantle.
- 6Which TYPE(s) of plate boundaries are volcanoes found at???Volcanoes are found at destructive and constructive boundaries – i.e. only where crust is destroyed or made.
- 7Where are EARTHQUAKES found???Earthquakes mainly at destructive, collision and conservative margins – but found at all because of stresses (in plates).
- 8STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH!!!
- 9DESTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARY!!!
- 10CONSTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARY!!!
- 11CONSERVATIVE PLATE BOUNDARY!!!
- 12COLLISION PLATE BOUNDARY!!!
- 13COMPOSITE CONE VOLCANO!!!
- 14Where do composite cone volcanoes occur at???DESTRUCTIVE plate boundaries.
- 15SHIELD VOLCANO!!!
- 16Where do shield volcanoes occur at???CONSTRUCTIVE plate boundaries.
- 17Why do people live near volcanoes?- Ash adds valuable nutrients to soils – this helps agriculture.
- Grow wheat & tomatoes – high yields.
- Attractive to tourists – economic impacts.
- Surrounded by areas which are useless for farming.
- It is attractive.
- Sulphur used in industry. - 18Monserrat LOCATION.- Small Caribbean island (LEDC).
- British Colony.
- Volcano in South of the island, near capital city Plymouth. - 19Monserrat CAUSES.It is located close to the destructive boundary of the Caribbean plate and the North and South American Plates.
The North and South American plates were pushing under the Caribbean plate. - 20Monserrat PRIMARY EFFECTS.- Lahars.
- 23 killed and people made homeless.
- Pyroclastic flow and forest fires.
- Industry and tourism stopped. - 21Monserrat SECONDARY EFFECTS.Of islands 402 miles, only 152 miles in the - North were considered safe
- Capital city Plymouth became a ghost town
- People were moved to the North of the island – undeveloped, poor sanitation, few roads and settlements – evacuees had to live in makeshift centres (some for over 2 years!!).
- No schools or hospitals
- Tourist industry stopped (no airport).
- Other industry declined (port closed).
- Transport made very difficult – (no port / airport / roads). - 22Monserrat SHORT-TERM RESPONSES.In August 1997, 50% of people were evacuated to the North of the island away from the danger zone – living in makeshift shelters
Helicopter picks up survivors
Emergency Support Unit assisted by Dutch and French helicopters - 23Monserrat LONG-TERM RESPONSES. (#1)- Britain gave: £41 million aid to rebuild north, free flights out and money = £2400 each if left island.
- 5000 evacuated abroad
and there were temporary shelters. - 24Monserrat LONG-TERM RESPONSES. (#2)Volcanic monitoring equipment and experts were established to monitor seismic activity and provide the Governor of Montserrat with practical information on the dangers posed by the volcano.
- 25Monserrat PROBLEMS.- Rioting occurred – local people thought British government wasn't doing enough to help.
- Montserratians demanded £20,000 per person.
- Although money was invested, there is no guarantee that the volcano won’t erupt again - 26Explain the formation of a SUPERVOLCANO.1. Rising magma cannot escape, and a large bulge appears on the surface.
2. Cracks appear in the surface and gas and ash erupt from the magma chamber.
3. The magma chamber collapses, forming a depression called a caldera. - 27Name an example of a SUPERVOLCANO.Yellowstoneeeeeeeeee boi
- 28DA ALPSThe Alps are young fold mountains formed 30 to 40 million years ago (Destructive/Collision margin).
- 29Explain the formation of FOLD MOUNTAINS.1. Sedimentary rock that was 1000s of metres thick formed in geosynclines (huge depressions in the earth’s crust).
2. Over millions of years these were compressed into sandstone and limestone.
3. - 30HUMAN ACTIVITY IN THE ALPS:- Tourism.
- Farming.
- HEP energy production.
- Forestry.
- Industry. - 31—
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- Case studies used: - Kobe 1995 - Sichun 2008 - Asian tsunami 2004 - Mt. St Helens 1989 - Monserrat 1995-1997 - Yellowstone passing ur exams with moi.
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- Elise Scott
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