Flashcards
FC 5C- Separation and Purification
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1ExtractionSeparate a substance from a mixture of substances by adding a solvent in which the compound of interest is highly soluble
- 2Liquid-Liquid ExtractionCompound of interest distributes itself between 2 phases based on solvent solubility.
-WATER EXTRACTION: remove very polar or charged (polar, low molecular weight <5C like alcohol/amine/carboxylic acids, or inorganic salts, strong acid/base)
-ACID/BASE EXTRACTION: use of acidic or basic water solutions to form salts - 3DistillationSeparates liquids based on boiling point. Lower boiling point is boiled off and collected; the higher boiling point compound remains behind.
- 4Distillation Types-SIMPLE DISTILLATION: normal column separates 2 liquids if large BP difference.
-FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION: fractionating column separates 2 liquids if small BP difference.
-VACUUM DISTILLATION: lower pressure (vacuum) lowers the BP for all liquid components so you don't have to raise temp. so high (prevent decomposition) - 5Thin-Layer ChromatographySeparate compounds based on differing polarities
*More polar interact more with the polar stationary phase and move slower; less polar have greater affinity for solvent - 6Rf"Ratio to front"; distance traveled by an individual compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent front.
- 7Column ChromatographySame principles as TLC but for bulky compounds and put in a column filled with SiO2 instead of SiO2 plate.
*Compounds leave the column and are collected least polar -> most polar - 8Gas ChromatographyPartitioning of the components to be separated takes place between a mobile gas phase & stationary liquid phase based on their different volatilities.
*Less volatile components spend more time dissolved in liquid stationary phase than the volatile ones by the carrier gas mobile phase which come out first IF THE INTERACTIONS WITH THE SUBSTRATES & COLUMN ARE SIMILAR - 9High Pressure Liquid ChromatographyBetter than Column Chrom because the speed and efficiency is increased in HPLC. Stationary Phase bonds SiO2 gel to nonpolar group to create nonpolar stationary phase (reverse phase HPLC- more polar 1st since they have high affinity for mobile phase)
*Less polar last since they interact with nonpolar stationary phase - 10Paper ChromatographySeparates pigments in dyes.
Solvent = mobile phase.
Paper = stationary phase.
Pigments in dyes stick to paper, solvent tries to wash them along, those with greater affinity to paper stays behind, those with greater affinity to solvent gets washed along. - 11Size-Exclusion ChromatographySeparates bulk materials based on molecular size without a chemical rxn. Stationary phase contains beads to allow larger molecules through faster since they don't permeate the beads
- 12Ion-Exchange ChromatographySeparates compounds with varying charge states.
Like-charged species displace one another while the opposite-charged and neutral species quickly pass through first - 13Affinity ChromatographyCommonly used to purify proteins or NA's from complex biochemical mixtures; based on highly specific interactions between macromolecules to trap the target molecule in stationary phase to wash unwanted molecule off and then is released highly purified.
- 14Gel ElectrophoresisSeparates mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. An electric current is applied across the gel so that one end of the gel has a +anode charge and the other end has a -cathode (well) charge.
*Agarose = large pores, SDS = small pores - 15Chiral ChromatographySeparate enantiomers when silica gel is bonded to chiral molecules to form what is called a chiral stationary phase. The enantiomers will then separate as they run down the column because one of the enantiomers will interact more strongly with the column and "stick" in place.
- 16Mobile PhaseSolvent moving through the column
- 17Stationary PhaseAdsorbent substance that stays fixed inside the column
- 18EluentFluid entering the column
- 19EluateFluid exiting the column
- 20ElutionThe process of washing out a compound through a column using a suitable solvent
- 21AnalyteMixture whose individual components have to be separated and analyzed
- 22Normal-Phase ChromatographyStationary phase is polar (hydrophilic) in nature and our mobile phase is non-polar (hydrophobic) in nature.
- 23IsomersSame molecular formula, different structure
- 24Constitutional IsomersDifferent bond connectivity
- 25Conformational IsomersDiffer in rotation around a σ bond
- 26StereoisomersSame bond connectivity, different spatial arrangement of atoms
- 27EnantiomersNon-identical mirror images; chiral molecules
- 28MesoContains chiral centers and an internal plane of symmetry
- 29DiastereomersStereoisomers that aren't enantiomers
- 30Geometric IsomersDiastereomers that differ in orientation of substituents around a ring or =
- 31EpimersDiastereomers that differ in absolute configuration at only 1 chiral center
- 32AnomersEpimers that form as a result of ring closure
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- Complete Flashcards on FC 5C- Separation and Purification, created by Victoria Whitfield on 08/05/2017.
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