Flashcards
Geo
Cards in this deck (44)
- 1Nepal TourismMount Everest.
High entry fee.
Sherpa's earn money.
Problems:
-Destroying environment.
-Tourist demand resources.
-Mt. Everest crowded. - 2Nepal MiningOnly 0.5% of current GDP.
Extracting minerals/ores will help Nepal develop.
Small scale mining is being encouraged - 3Nepal farming75% of Nepalese working in farming.
Makes up 35% of current GDP.
Most farmers are subsistence farmers.
Crops grown on terraces.
Government trying to encourage cash crops. - 4Nepal HEPIs clean and renewable.
Only 30% of rural Nepalese have electricity.
90% of urban Nepalese have electricity.
Nepal has lots of mountains and rivers so it is well suited for HEP.
HEP is very expensive. - 5World's hugest Mountain
- 6Montserrat effectsHalf of Montserrat uninhabitable.
Infrastructure, including airport, destroyed.
19 people died.
Farms, homes, and capital destroyed.
Tourist stopped visiting island.
Montserrat's economy was devastate.
Long-term health effects. - 7Montserrat immediate responsesIn 1995 many residents evacuated to north.
Exclusion zone set up in the south.
Population fell from 12,000 to 3,500.
British government sent millions of pounds of aid. (Temporary buildings and water purification).
Charities set up temporary schools - 8Montserrat long-term responsesSome people had returned to the island, the population had risen to 5,000 by 2010.
The population structure changed: more older people and less younger.
British government sent 200 million pounds to help with restoration of the island. - 9Monitoring and predicting volcanic eruptionsChecking the volcanoes shape using electronic tilt meters and global positioning systems.
Using seismometers to measure magma flow inside the volcano.
Measuring sulfur dioxide emissions. - 10The Richter scaleLogarithmic scale.
No upper scale.
Measures strength or magnitude.
Based of data and measurements not observations. - 11The Mercalli scaleGoes from 1-12 in Roman numerals (I-XII).
Measures the power and effects.
Based of observations - 12Chile 2010Magnitude 8.8.
At a destructive plate margin.
Focus 34km underground.
Epicenter 115km from Concepcion.
59 countries received tsunami warnings. - 13Chile primary effects500 killed.
12,000 injured.
Some buildings destroyed.
500,000 homes damaged.
Several bridges and roads destroyed.
Santiago's airport was slightly damaged. - 14Chile secondary effectsMuch of Chile lost power, water supplies and communications.
Several pacific islands hit by the tsunami.
Fire at a chemical plant on the outskirts of Santiago, area had to be evacuated.
Chile's copper mines were slightly damaged. - 15Chile immediate responsesChile responded quickly. President insisted on rapid analysis of the situation. Asking of specific aid from other countries.
Route 5 was temporarily repaired. Aid could get from Santiago to the worse hit areas quickly.
After 10 days 90% of homes had power/water restored. - 16Chile secondary responsesA month after the earthquake, Chile's government launched housing reconstruction plan, to help 196,000 homes affected.
Chile has a strong economy, so it can recover without relying of foreign aid. Copper reserves help pay for damage. - 17Haiti 2010Magnitude of 7.0
Earthquake at destructive plate margin.
Focus was 13km underground.
Epicenter was 25km from Port-au-Prince.
Lots of aftershocks after large main earthquake. - 18Haiti primary effects220,000 killed.
300,000 injured.
Main port damaged badly.
Eight hospitals or health centers in Port-au-Prince collapsed.
100,000 homes destroyed.
200,000 homes damaged in Port-au-Prince.
1.3 million Haitians were displaced. - 19Haiti secondary effects2 million Haitians without food and water.
Looting was a serious problem.
Police force collapsed.
Damage to port and airport meant aid was slow (not distributed effectively).
Displaced people moved into tents, outbreak of Cholera.
Frequent power cuts.
Many bodies in streets, posed a health hazard. - 20Boxing day tsunami effectsearthquake magnitude was 9.0-9.3.
Nearly 300,000 killed.
Indonesia: 70% of coastal population killed or missing.
Sri lanka: Coastlines ravaged, 400,000 people lost their jobs.
Thailand: 1700 foreigners killed.
India: In the Nicobar and Andaman islands, salt water contaminated freshwater sources and destroyed arable land - 21Responses to the tsunamiClean water, food, tents and plastic sheeting arrived as aid.
$7 billion was donated worldwide.
People in the UK donated 330 million pounds.
UN's World Food Programme provided food aid for more than 1.3 million people. - 22Cumbrian flood causesLong downpour from moist warm air. (The warmer the air the more water it can hold).
Pre-saturated ground.
Steep slopes of the Cumbrian Mountains.
Cocker and Derwent rivers already swollen.
Cockermouth is at a confluence. - 23Cumbrian Effects1300 homes flooded and contaminated.
Number of people had to be evacuated (50 by helicopter)
Many businesses flooded.
Insurance estimated final cost to be around £100 million.
Four bridges collapsed, 12 closed.
One person died (PC Bill Barker). - 24Cumbrian responsesGovernment provided £1 million to help clean up and for repairs.
Cumbrian Flood Recovery Fund set up to help flood victims (raised £1 million in 10 days).
Network Rail opened a temporary station in workington.
Visit Cumbiran provided list of recovery services and trades, and people who could provided emergency accomodation.
Army built a temporary foot bridge across Derwent river. - 25Pakistan flood 2010Unusually heavy monsoon rain northern Pakistan.
Caused rivers to flood and burst banks. - 26Pakistan flood effects1600 people died.
20 million Pakistanis were affect (20% of population).
700,000 homes damaged or destroyed.
5000 miles of roads and railways were washed away.
160,000km - 27Pakistan flood 2010Unusually heavy monsoon rain.
Caused rivers to flood and burst their banks. - 28Pakistan flood effects1600 people killed.
10% of population affect.
6 million people needed food aid.
700,000 homes destroyed/damaged.
5000 miles of roads/railways washed away.
20% of land affected.
6.5 million acres of crops were washed away in Punjab and Sindh provinces. - 29Pakistan flood responsesAppeals were immediately launched by international organisations.
Many charities and aid agencies provided help (including Red Cresent).
Pakistan's government tried raising money.
Complaints that government was too slow.
Foreign governments donated millions of dollars.
UN World Food Programme provided crucial food aid. But said it would have to cut amount of food due to lack of donations. - 30Kielder Water facts12km long.
52 meters deep.
£167 million to build.
Completed in 1982.
Its a water-transfer scheme, so it transfers water from one place to another.
Can provide up to 909 million liters of water a day - 31Kielder water - Benefits and disadvantagesMajor tourist attraction - created jobs and benefited the local economy.
1.5 million trees cut down.
North-east has most reliable water supply in England.
Only a few families had to be moved.
Clean water release encourages salmon and sea trout to migrate upriver to breed.
Used to generate power (HEP) - 32Christchurch Bay reasons3000 mile fetch across North Atlantic.
Marine processes (Abrasion and hydraulic radius).
Sub-aerial processes (Slumping and rock fall).
Geology (Permeable sand lies on top of impermeable clay).
Human activity adds weight. - 33Christchurch Bay social impactsPeople lose homes if they fall into sea.
Homes near cliff go down in value.
Difficult and expensive to get insurance for homes near cliffs.
Dangerous to walk on cliff tops and on the beach. - 34Christchurch Bay economic impactsRoads and railways near coast are under threat.
Tourist may not visit due to danger, this affects local businesses.
Barton Golf Course has had to expand inland. - 35Christchurch Bay environmental impactsCliff collapse makes the area look unattractive.
Cliff collapse exposes different rock types and fossils.
Bird-nesting sites and land is being lost at the top of cliffs.
Site of Special Scientific Interest. - 36The MaldivesHighest point only 2.4 meters above sea level.
Sea level is rising because polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers are melting.
Water getting warmer and expanding. - 37The Maldives impactCoral reedy will die as they're bleached,
Ecosystems associated with the reefs will be lost.
People will be forced to move and maybe become environmental refugees (400,000).
Traditional way of life will be lost.
Rising sea levels may end tourist industry.
Whole country may disappear underwater. - 38Protecting Swanage BayCoastal defenses (has 1.8km of protection):
Rock armor at the bottom of cliffs.
Groynes in the middle of the bay to stop long shore drift. - 39Protecting Swanage Bay (in favor)Local people whose homes are in danger.
Local tourist businesses situated close to the coast.
Local politicians who want the support of local people. - 40Protecting Swanage Bay (against)Local taxpayers who do not live by the coast.
Environmentalists who fear that habitats and natural beauty will be destroyed.
People who live down drift and might lose their beach. - 41Alkborough Flats Tidal Defensee Scheme440 hectares of farmland protected.
Broke through existing flood embankment.
Constructed channels to distribute the water, as well as a spillway.
Built a new flood bank to protect a sewage treatment plant and riding stables. - 42Alkborough Flats Tidal Defensee Scheme (why?)Provides a place to sore floodwater during extreme weather and high tides. Could reduce flood water by 1.5 meters.
Reduce the risk of flooding for 300,000 properties.
Created new wildlife habitat.
New visitor center will increase tourism.
Help area adapt to climate change and rising sea levels. - 43Studland Bay Nature Reserve issuesIts a vulnerable environment. If the habitat is destroyed the ecosystem will break down.
Home to rare species of plants, birds and all six native British reptiles.
Area attracts many tourists and can get crowded.
Visitors require lots of facilities.
Visitors bring problems (litter, fire hazards). - 44Studland Bay Nature Reserve solutionsMarram grass stabilizes dunes have been fenced off.
Bird-watching hides and guides.
Car-parking spaces limited.
Broadwalks through dunes to keep tourists in specific areas.
Fire beaters in dunes.
Jet skis not allowed to be launched from beach, 5mph speed limit (less noise).
Dogs are not allowed on beaches from July to September.
Facilities are near car parks to focus tourists in one area.
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- Flashcards on Untitled, created by Sam Reedy on 12/05/2017.
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