Flashcards
Identity and Personality
Cards in this deck (45)
- 1Self-schemaSelf-given label
Carries a set of qualities - 2IdentityIndividual components of self concept
Related to the groups that we belong in
People have multiple identities - 3Gender IdentityPerson's appraisal of him/herself for masculinity / femininity
Not a just one continuum
2 separate dimensions
Androgyny: feminine and masculine
Undifferentiated: low scores for both
Well established by age 3 (can morph and change over time)
Not tied to biological sex or sexual orientation - 4Ethnic identityOne's ethnic group
Identity in which we are born into
Nationality: based on political borders - 5Hierarchy of salienceHow identities are organized
The situation dictates which identity holds the most importance for us at a given time
More salient the identity, the more we comform to role expectations
Salience determined by: amount of work invested, rewards and gratification associated, and the amount of self-esteem with identity - 6What does the self-discrepancy theory state?That each of us has 3 selves
Actual self: our self-concept (the way we see ourselves)
Ideal self: the person we would like to be
Ought self: our representation of the way others think we should be
**The closer together all 3 are, the higher the self-esteem - 7Learned helplessnessState of hopelessness and resignation
From being unable to avoid negative stimulus
Possible model for clinical depression - 8Locus of controlType of self-evaluation
The way we characterize the influence in our lives
Internal locus of control: controlling their own fate
External locus of control: events in their life are caused by luck or outside force - 9Psychosexual developmentSigmund Freud
Libido is present since birth
5 stages [face conflict between social demands and desire to reduce libidinal tension]
1. Oral stage
2. Anal stage
3. Phallic (Oedipal) stage
4. Latency
5. Genital stage - 10Oral Stage0-1 year
Gratification is from putting something in their mouth.
Energy is centered on the mouth
Orally fixated adult is likely to exhibit dependency - 11Anal Stage1-3 years
Libido centered on anus
Gratification is gained through eliminated and retention of waste
Toilet training
Fixation leads to excessive orderliness (anal -retentiveness) or sloppiness - 12Phallic stage"Oedipal stage"
3-5 years
Resolving the Oedipus (male) / Electra (female) complex
Male child envies father's intimate relationship with mom and fears castration at his hands (mother for female counterpart)
Eliminate father and possess mother, but they feel guilty
To resolve conflict, he must identify with his father, establish sexual identity, and internalize moral value
Sublimate libido and enter latency - 13Genital stageBegins in puberty and lasting through adult
If prior conflicts have been resolved, they will enter healthy, heterosexual relationships
If sexual trauma has not been resolved: homosexuality, asexuality, and fetishism - 14Psychosocial developmentErik Erikson
Based on series of crises from conflicts between needs and social demands
Mastery at each level is not required to move onto next stage
Possible to fail at resolving central conflicts
Successful resolution marked by answering existential question
1. Trust VS Mistrust
2. Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative VS Guilt
4. Industry VS Inferiority
5. Identity VS Role Confusion
6. Intimacy VS Isolation
7. Generativity VS Stagnation
8. Integrity VS Despair - 15Trust VS Mistrust0-1 years
Resolved: child will trust environment and himself
Unresolved: Child will often be suspicious of world
"Can I trust the world?" - 16Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt1-3 years
Resolved: feeling able to exert control and to exercise choice and self restraint
Unresolved: Sense of doubt and persistent external locus of control
"Is it okay to be me?" - 17Initiative VS Guilt3-6 years
Resolved: Sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment
Unresolved: Overcome by fear of punishment. Restrict himself or overcompensate by showing off
"Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?" - 18Industry VS Inferiority6-12 years
Resolved: Feel competent, able to use intelligence and abilities to affect the world
Unresolved: Sense of inadequancy, sense of inability to act in competent manner, low self-esteem
"Can I make it in the world of people and things?" - 19Identity VS Role Confusion12-20 years (adolescence)
Physiological revolution
Resovled: Fidelity, ability to see oneself as unique with loyalty
Unresolved: Confusion about one's identity and changing personality
"Who am I? What can I be?" - 20Intimacy VS Isolation20-40 years
Main crisis of young adulthood
Resolved: love, ability to have intimate relationships, ability to commit oneself to another person and to their goals
Unresolved: avoidance of committment, alienation, distancing self from others
"Can I love?" - 21Generativity VS Stagnation40-65 years
Resolved: individual being a caring, productive, and contributing member of society
Unresolved: Self-indulgent, bored, and self centered
"Can I make my life count?" - 22Integrity VS DespairOver 65 years
Resolved: wisdom (detached concern with life), assurance in the meaning of life, dignity, acceptance of a worthwhile life, ready to face death
Unresolved: bitterness, life has been worthless, fear over impending death
"Is it okay to have been me?" - 23Moral reasoningLawrence Kohlberg
Not on resolving conflicts
Heinz dilemma
1. Preconventional morality
2. Conventional morality
3. Postconventional morality - 24Preconventional moralityPreadolescent thinking
Emphasis on consequences
Stage 1) Obedience - avoiding punishment
Stage 2) Self-interest - gaining rewards ("instrumental relativist stage") - 25Conventional moralityDevelops in early adolescence
When people start to see themselves in terms of their relationships
Stage 3) Conformity - seeks approval of others
Stage 4) Law and order - maintain social order in highest regard - 26Postconventional moralityNot everyone is capable of
Based on social mores, which can conflict with law
Stage 5) Social contract - moral rules are designed to ensure greater good - individual rights
Stage 6) Universal human ethics - decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles - 27Cultural and biosocial developmentLev Vygotsky
Zone of the proximal development - skills and abilities that have not fully developed but are in the process
More knowledgeable other - required for zone of proximal development - 28Psychoanalytic perspective of personalityId: basic, primal, inborn urges. "pleasure principle" Primary process
Ego: "Reality principle" Secondary process. Postpone id until satisfaction can actually be obtained
Superego: Focused on the ideal self. Subdivided- conscious and ego-ideal
Conscious: thoughts that we can access
Preconscious: thoughts that we aren't currently aware of
Unconscious: Thoughts that have been repressed
Eros: life instincts
Thanatos: Death instincts
Defense mechanisms: Ego's recourse for relieving anxiety caused by the clash of superego and id - 29Defense MechanismsCommon characteristics: Deny/distort reality. Operate unconsciously
Repression: ego forces thoughts into unconscious [suppression-consciously forgetting]
Regression: reversion to earlier develop
Reaction formation: Suppress urge by unconsciously converting to opposite
Projection: Attibute their undesired feelings to others
Rationalization: Justification of behavior in a manner that is acceptable
Displacement: Transference of an undesired urge from one person/object to another
Sublimation: Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior - 30Carl JungLibido is psychic energy
ego = conscious mind
Unconscious in 2 parts: personal unconscious and collective unconscious (shared among all humans) - 31PersonaArchetype
Part of personality that we show to the world
Adaptive to social interactions - 32Anima AnimusArchetypes
Anima (feminine)
Animus (masculine)
Sex-inappropriate qualities - 33ShadowArchetype
Responsibile for the appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions - 34Three dichotomies of personality1. Extraversion (orientation to outer world) VS introversion (oritentation to inner world)
2. Sensing (obtaining ojective info about the world) VS Intuiting (working with abstract info)
3. Thinking (logic and reason) VS feeling - 35Inferiority complexSense of incompleteness and imperfection drives the personality
Enhances personality when benefits society
Yields disorder when it is selfish - 36Adler's notions of personalityInferiority complex
Creative self: force of each individual shaping their uniqueness
Style of life: manifestation of creative self and achieving superiority
Finctional finalism: Individual is motivated by expectation of future, not past experiences - 37Difference between the ideologies of Freud, Jung, and Adler?Freud: behavior is motivated by instincts
Jung: behavior is moticated by inborn archetypes
Adler: behavior is motivated by striving for superiority - 38Neurotic NeedsPersonality results from interpersonal relationships
healthy people have some degree of neuroticism
Unhealthy amounts of neuroticism can lead to unhealthy behavior
Basic anxiety: vulnerability and helplessness caused by inadequate parenting
Basic hostility: NAnger caused by neglect and rejection
Way to overcome: 1) moving towards people and obtain their good will. 2) move against people and get the upperhand. 3) moving away from people - 39Gestalt TherapyHolistic approach to self: each person as a whole
Humanistic perspective
Personality: result of the conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to achieve needs and goals - 40PsychoticismMeasure of nonconformity
social deviance - 41ExtraversionMeaure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
- 42NeuroticismMeaure of emotional arousal in stressful situations
- 43Cardinal traitsTraits a person organizes their life around
- 44Central traitsMajor characteristics of personality
Easy to infer - 45Secondary traitsPersonal characteristics
More limited in occurance
Aspects of personality that only show in close groups
Information
- Description
- Flashcards on Identity and Personality, created by Sammy Skhir on 29/05/2017.
- Created by
- Sammy Skhir
- Views
- 0
- Rating