Flashcards
Edexcel History A The Cold War - Detente and the End of the Cold War
Cards in this deck (36)
- 1Detente Treaties-1967 Outer Space treaty said no nuclear weapons were to be placed in space
-1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty wouldn't help other states to develop nuclear missiles
-1972 SALT 1 limited the nuclear capabilities of USA and USSR
-1975 Apollo-Soyuz mission was a joint space mission
-1975 Helsinki Agreements discussed security, co-operation and human rights
-1979 SALT 2 agreed to further limitations of nuclear capabilities - 2SALT 1-Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
-No further production of strategic ballistic missiles
-Submarines carrying nuclear weapons would only be introduced when existing stocks of intercontinental ballistic missiles became obsolete
-ABM (anti-ballistic missile) if developed could shoot down incoming missiles, each super power was limited to 2 - 3SALT 2Negotiations were difficult because:
-West German government was worried that further arms reductions would leave them undefended
-Right-wing American Congressmen thought detente had gone too far - 4Helsinki-Representatives from 35 different countries
-All of Europe bar Albania and Andorra
-Representatives from the USSR, USA and Canada - 5Helsinki: Security-All countries boundaries accepted
-Disputes to be settled peacefully, not by force
-No country would interfere in the international relations of another country
-Countries would inform each other of any big military manoeuvres and would accept representatives from other countries to observe them - 6Helsinki: Co-operation-Economic cooperation through trade
-Industrial cooperation through having the same standards and running joint projects
-Scientific cooperation by sharing information for research
-Educational cooperation (e.g. learning languages and exchange students) - 7Helsinki: Human Rights-Freedom of speech
-Freedom of movement
-Freedom of religion
-Freedom of information - 8Kabul RevolutionApril 1978
-New Government was communist, president Taraki soon became a Soviet ally
-Muslim leaders across the country didn't like the socialist reforms
-Civil War broke out
-Taraki forced to take the head of the army Amin as prime minister but they hated each other
-October Amin assassinates Taraki and assumed the presidency - 9Soviet Invasion-Didn't trust Amin, thought he was an American spy
-Amin was unpopular with Muslim leaders and Brezhnev feared that Muslim groups would try to take over
-Concerned that if Afghanistan became an Islamic state nearby communist states would do the same
-Karmal, an Afghani communist argued that he had enough support
-Believed America would ignore an invasion like in the Prague Spring
-Invasion was a disaster that lasted 10 years
-1.5 million people died, including 15 000 Soviet soldiers - 10Carter DoctrineUSA would not allow USSR to gain control of territory in the oil-rich middle east
- 11Carter's Response-Alliance with China and Israel so support Afghan rebels, CIA provided weapons and funds for the Mujahideen
-Economic sanctions
-Ended diplomatic relations with the USSR
-SALT 2 was never ratified in the USA
-Increased defence spending's by 5%
-These actions caused the end of detente - 12Olympic Boycott: Moscow Olympics-1980 boycott of Moscow Olympics
-60 countries joined the boycott
-Set up alternative Olympics
-Press ridiculed Moscow Olympics, called the Russian Mascot Misha Bear Gulag Bear - 13Olympic Boycott: LA Olympics-USSR and 14 other communist countries boycotted
-Organised an alternative friendship games - 14Reagan-Reagan became president in 1981
-Evil Empire speech
-Said he could imagine a limited nuclear war in Europe
-Said the Cold War was a fight between good and evil
-He genuinely wanted to win the Cold War
-Focused on SDI - 15SDIStrategic Defence Initiative
-Also called Star Wars
-Proposed a nuclear umbrella that would stop Soviet Missiles and destroy the,
-Believed it would make Soviet nuclear missiles useless, forcing them to disarm
-SDI broke the Outer Space treaty of 1967 - 16SDI: Soviet Response-USSR couldn't compete with SDI
-America won the race to the moon
-USA had developed a new spacecraft the space shuttle in 1980s
-USSR was behind USA with technology as in the 1980s the American computer market boomed, whereas USSR was concerned computers may be used to undermine their regime
-Essentially, the USSR could no longer compete with the arms race - 17Gorbachev-Last leader of the Soviet Union, from 1985 to 1991
-Wanted to be communism's saviour
-At first had a tenuous relationship with the West
-Lied about the Chernobyl crisis in 1986 - 18Gorbachev: New Thinking-Realised that communism faced many problems
-Soviet economy was not nearly as efficient as the US economy
-Americans had an excellent standard of living whereas Russian life was dominated by shortages
-Soviet people had lost faith in the communist party
-Perestroika - economic reforms designed to make the economy more efficient
-Glasnost - censorship of the press was to be relaxed - 19Geneva Summit1985
-Reagan was in the stronger position
-Reagan wanted to persuade Gorbachev that he wanted peace
-Gorbachev was hoping on dissuading the continuation of SDI
-Gorbachev also wanted a working relationship
-Sacked foreign minister Gromyko before the meeting to indicate an end of the aggressive foreign policy
-Significant because they talked face to face, even though no agreements were reached - 20Reykjavik Summit1986
-Reagan proposed scrapping all ballistic nuclear missiles
-Gorbachev didn't agree as Reagan refused to drop SDI - 21Reagan's change of Mind-Public opinion was against another arms race
-Didn't want America to seem like a big bully
-Widespread approval of Gorbachev and his reforms
-Got along with Gorbachev and believed that he genuinely wanted reforms and an end to the cold war - 22INF Treaty1987
-Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces
-Eliminated all nuclear missiles with a range of 500-5500 km
-Important because it was the first treaty to reduce the number of nuclear missiles
-SALT 1 merely limited the production of new missiles
-Strict procedures and task inspectors set into place to ensure the treaty was followed - 23INF Treaty: Gorbachev's Change of MindRefused the deal at Reykjavik but signed it a year later
-Nuclear weapons were expensive to maintain but did nothing for security
-Reagan persuaded him that he had no intention of invading
-Economy could never recover spending that much on nuclear missiles
-Disarmament would gain him popularity with the West to make trade deals
-Political and economic measures would be more effective in protecting the USSR than military power - 24Moscow Summit1988
-Agreed to work toward disarmament of nuclear and conventional arms
-No specific targets but eased tensions caused by Afghanistan - 25Malta Summit1989
-President Bush and Gorbachev
-Laid the groundwork for CFE and START 1 - 26CFE Agreement1990
-Set limits to non-nuclear forces the Warsaw Pact and NATO could have
-Process complicated by the fact that the USSR was falling apart, e.g. Hungary was part of the Warsaw Pact when agreements started but had left before the end - 27START 11991
-Signed with pens made from scrapped nuclear missiles
-Both sides agreed to reduce their nuclear warheads by about a third
-Covered most kinds of nuclear weapons - 28Eastern Europe: Gorbachev's Attitude-December 1988 declared that ideology would play a smaller role in soviet affairs, essentially USSR would no longer favour trade with communist states
-Keen to allow Eastern European states enjoy Glasnost and Perestroika
-Withdrew Soviet troops from Eastern bases to save bases
-This unwittingly lead to the break up of the Eastern Bloc as the soviet army was no longer there to prop up pro-Moscow governments
-Once reform had started he couldn't control it - 29PolandCommunist government defeated in free elections held in 1989
- 30Czech Republic/SlovakiaPopular protests overthrew the communist regime in the "Velvet revolution"
- 31HungaryCommunist government promised democratic constitution in summer 1989 and free elections are held spring 1989
- 32Germany-East Germans leave for West Germany through Hungary
-Communist party declares free elections
-Berlin Wall falls November 1989
-Communists defeated in free elections of 1990 - 33Fall of the Berlin Wall-East Germany slow to accept Glasnost and Perestroika, even banned some Soviet publications
-Once Hungary had free elections mass movement of East Germans travelling to the West through Hungary
-Forced to allow freedom of travel
-9th November announced that East Germans could cross the Wall
-People started dismantling and chipping away at bits of the wall - 34Warsaw Pact-Once the Eastern Bloc disintegrated it was clear the Warsaw Pact wouldn't survive
-Military cooperation ceased in 1990
-Formally dissolved in 1991 - 35Soviet Coup-Gorbachev was popular in the West but mistrusted at home
-Leading party members believed he had weaned communism
-19th August 1991 group of senior officials organised a coup
-Initially it was successful
-Gorbachev was prevented from returning to Moscow
-New government declared a state of emergency which allowed them to overturn glasnost and perestroika
-New government lasted 3 days
-Boris Yeltsin (Russian president) declared it illegal and called people of Moscow to resist the regime - 36Fall of the Soviet Union-21st August Gorbachev returned to Moscow
-Still wanted to save communism
-Coup had damaged his authority whilst making Yeltsin popular
-Introduced a new constitution to give Soviet republics like Latvia and the Ukraine more power but they wanted independence
-December 25th 1991 Gorbachev announced the dissolution of the Soviet Union
-The Cold War was over
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- The final section of Edexcel History A's Cold War unit. From detente to Afghanistan to the dissolution of the USSR
- Created by
- Natalia Cliff
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