Flashcards
Changing Places
Cards in this deck (192)
- 1What is the definition of place?Defined as a location with meaning.
Can be meaningful to individuals in ways that are personal or subjective. (social and cultural level) - may be shared by different groups of people. - 2What are the 3 aspects geographers refer to when defining a place?Location
Locale
Sense of place - 3What is location?Where a place is, eg coordinates on a map.
- 4What is locale?This is the place where something happens or is set, or that particular events associated with it.
- 5What is sense of place?This refers to the subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place. People develop a sense of place through experience and knowledge of a particular area.
- 6What is perception of place?Way in which place is viewed or regarded by people. Influenced by media representation or personal experience.
- 7What is meant by placemaking?Deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a communities quality of life.
- 8What are the 3 main theoretical approaches into which the study of place has been divided?A descriptive approach
A social constructionist approach
A phenomenological approach - 9What is the descriptive approach?Idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct.
- 10What is the social constructionist approach?Sees place as a product of a particular set of processes occurring at a particular time.
- 11What is the phenomenological approach?Interested in how an individual person experiences place, recognising a high personal relationship between person and place.
- 12Why is there some overlap between the 3 approaches?It would be inaccurate to say that any one approach is more important that another.
- 13Places are not simply geographical locations but should be understood as...Dynamic areas where people, ideas and information come together.
- 14What are the 3 aspects that place can have an impact on?Identity
Belonging
Well being - 15What are the 3 scales that identity can be evident at?Localism
Regionalism
Nationalism - 16What is localism?An affection for or emotional ownership of a particular place.
Demonstrated in 'Nimbyism' which occurs when people are reluctant to have their local area affected by development - 17What is Regionalism?Consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with a population that shares similarities
- 18What is Nationalism?Loyalty and devotion to a nation which creates a sense of national consciousness. - Patriotism
- 19Why have people identified more with their local place or community?Greater knowledge of this area and people.
- 20When people identify with a place at a national what is this usually strengthened by?Common language, national anthem, flag, through cultural and sporting events.
- 21At a local level where do people come together?Churches
Mosques
Synagogues
- same religious identity - 22Regarding global sense of place, instead places are...Dynamic, have multiple identities and they do not have boundaries.
- 23It can be argued that globalisation has made...Place less important as the forces of global capitalism have eroded local cultures and produced identical or homogenised places.
- 24What have processes such as urban sprawl led to?Community-less cities covering huge areas of countryside with identical shopping malls, car parks and roads.
- 25What does clone town describe?Settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores.
- 26What other term has been used to describe this?Placelessness
- 27What is glocalisation?Where multi national companies are also increasingly having to adapt to the local marketplace.
- 28How many McDonalds are their currently around the world?Currently more than 36,000 McDonalds restaurants in over 100 counties around the world.
- 29How has McDonalds adpated?In Hindu countries for example, beef has been removed from the menu whilst in Muslim countries pork has been removed from the menu.
- 30What has place become a political symbol for?People fighting against global capitalism.
- 31What have Totnes introduced?Local currency
- 32Why have Totnes introduced local currency?With the aim of encouraging people to shop locally and keep the money in the local economy.
- 33What will happen because people are being encouraged to spend locally?Less money will leak out of the local area and get lost in global financial systems.
- 34In the context of place what does to belong mean?To be part of the community
- 35What is belonging increasingly seen as?One of the key factors that makes a place sustainable and successful.
- 36What do regeneration schemes now often focus on?The social environment as on the built environment and the work of different agencies and individuals can have a positive impact on how people feel about the place they live in.
- 37What does the transition town movement place great emphasis on?Community involvement and has been successful in developing a clearer sense of belonging in places all over the world.
- 38What factors can influence to the extent a person may feel a sense of belonging?Age
Gender
Sexuality
Socio-economic status
Religion
Level of education - 39What can also be linked to the feeling of belonging?Race and ethnicity
- 40What is race based on?Biological and physical characteristics such as colour.
- 41What is ethnicity?Belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition such as language.
- 42What has happened as globalisation and migration have increased?Many places, particularly cities have become more ethnically diverse and culturally diverse.
- 43When was the transition town movement founded?2007 - as a response to the twin threats of climate change and peak oil
- 44Now, how many transition initiatives are there worldwide?Over 1,200
- 45What does the transition town movement include?Food growing groups
Community owned breweries
Building community relationships
Community owned bakeries
Transition street projects
Community owned energy
REconomy projects - 46Explain Food growing groupsMost transition groups start with growing food whether on an allotment, community garden or garden share scheme as well as by setting up new food related enterprises
- 47Explain Community owned breweriesOne of the ways we can keep money local while innovating and creating employment
- 48Explain Building community relationshipsTransition groups pay attention to how they work together as groups to supporting each other and avoiding burnout which can often happen in volunteer activities
- 49Explain Community owned bakeriesA vital piece of infrastructure sadly no longer common on our high streets as often replaced by out of town supermarkets
- 50Explain Transition street projectsShows how change can happen on a street-by-street-basis, reducing household costs and energy use while also rebuilding a sense of community
- 51Explain Community owned energyRenewable energy offers huge potential for communities to create cleaner electricity for homes, schools, and businesses - generating income and providing a safer place for investments.
- 52Explain REconomy projectsProjects are making a real difference in their communities. Increasingly transition groups are creating new jobs and livelihoods and vibrant, viable new enterprises that keep money local and boost resilience. Also mapping their local economies to measure the potential benefits of this process - offers tools, networking and support to enable this.
- 53What can the significance that an individual or group attaches to a particular place be influenced by?Feelings of belonging or alienation, sense of being an insider or an outsider.
- 54How is city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia viewed?By Muslims = most holy religious place
Non Muslims = Viewed as more of historical cultural place. - 55Name one group of people who are often out of place?Migrants
- 56What can the terms 'near' and 'far' refer to?Geographical distance between places
Emotional connection with a particular place - 57Why might some places feel more familiar than others?Experience
Frequent representational exposure - 58What are experienced places?Those places that a person has spent time in
- 59What are media places?Those that a person has only read about or seen in a film
- 60What does the character of a place refer to?Physical and human features that help to distinguish it from another place
- 61What are the 8 factors affecting the character of place? (S-E, C, M, P, B-E, L, D, P)Cultural = language, religion
Mobility of population for work and leisure
Political factors = strength of council
Location = urban or rural, proximity to other settlements, main roads, rivers
Demographic Factors = population size and structure
Physical geog = relief altitude, aspect drainage, soil and rock type
Socio economic factors = employment and educational opportunities, income, health, crime rates, local clubs
The built environment = land use, age, type of housing, building density + materials - 62What is meant by Endogenous factors?In the context of place this refers to the characteristics of the place itself or factors which have originated internally. = location, physical geog, land use, population size...
- 63What are Exogenous factors?Refers to the relationship of one place with other places and the external factors which affect this. = demographic, cultural, socio-economic shaped by shifting flows of people, resources and money
- 64What is meant by agents of change?People who impact on a place whether through living, working or trying to improve that place. = residents, community groups, central and local government, media
- 65What is Infrastructure?Relates to the services considered essential to enable or enhance living conditions.
Primarily consist of transport communications, water supply, sewers, electrical grids. - 66What may infrastructure also include?May also include infrastructure such as local education system, healthcare provision, emergency services.
- 67What has de-industrialisation brought about?Wholescale change in the economic structure of places and this has led to unemployment and urban decline in cities with a traditional manufacturing base.
- 68Economic factors tend to have the biggest impact on character of place but what else can effect change?Migration, conflict, terrorism, industrial accidents, natural disasters, climate change.
- 69What do factors like these affect?The way places are perceived and go on to affect the lives of he people living and working there
- 70External forces can also bring about change, what are examples?.
- 71Conflict may arise when people resist changes forced upon their place , What is a large scale example of this?Redevelopment of areas of East London for the 2012 Olympic Games was not welcomed by everybody.
- 72What was Bournville almost shaped entirely by?The beliefs and ideals of one industrial family, the Cadburys.
- 73What was it built as in the 19th century?Garden village, after the family moved to the rural estate on the outskirts of Birmingham
- 74Why did they move to the outskirts of Birmingham?In order to build new premises for their expanding cocoa and chocolate business.
- 75What did the area provide?Ample space for the construction of tree lined roads and housing with front and back gardens to ensure spacious and sanitary living conditions for their employees.
- 76Why were no public houses constructed?Cadbury family were temperance Quakers.
- 77What did the Bournville village trust set up?Schools, hospitals, museums, public baths, and reading rooms for the benefit of the Cadbury workers
- 78What did lay out a tenth of the estate as?Parks, recreation grounds and open space and this is provided to be a key driver in the later developments of the 'garden city' movement
- 79What happened to Cadbury in 2010?Became part of the multi national operation known as Mondelez international.
- 80Although the place of Bournville has changed very little it is no longer...Inhabited by the employees of the Cadbury factor
- 81What was Bournville found as in 2003?Nicest place in Britain
- 82Devonport has changed considerably in the last 50 years, what as a result of?Largely external factors
- 83What was it originally established as?naval dockyard town due to its location on the sheltered, natural deep water harbour known as the Plymouth sound
- 84What had happened by the 18th century?Become one of the fastest growing tows in the country and enjoyed great prosperity
- 85What happened in 1952?Navy requisitioned Devonport town centre as a storage enclave and enclosed it with a 3 metre high wall.
- 86What did this effectively mean to the community?Split into two and the displaced residents were rehoused in flats or apartments ill-suited to family living.
- 87What did naval jobs continuing to decline due to military cutbacks lead to?Significant social and economic problems within Devonport in the 1980s and 1990s
- 88What happened from 2001-11?Devonport benefited from the New Deal for Communities initiative which provided 10 years of funding to improve some of the most deprived areas of the UK.
- 89What did the scheme address?Crime, community and housing and people-related outcome such as education, health and employment.
- 90How has the physical environment of Devonport changed considerably?The dividing naval wall was removed, inter-war housing and flats demolished and historical landmarks incorporated into the redevelopment of the area.
- 91There are still pockets of deprivation within Devonport but...Both qualitative and quantitative data show that the New Deal programme and other redevelopment projects have significantly changed and improved the area with benefits to local residents.
- 92What is the city of Medellin in Columbia affectionately named?'The city of Eternal Spring' and the second largest city in Clumbia.
- 93What was it associated with for a long period of time?Drugs, violence - most dangerous city in the world.
- 94What created social inequality?Unemployment, crime and poverty were widespread
- 95Whats the population today?2.2 million
- 96What has it become a model for?Urban regeneration and sustainable city planning through long term investments in infrastructure and education.
- 97As part of a plan to re-brand the city, cit planners recognised...The need to make the city equally accessible to all its citizen, rich and poor
- 98What are the city's long-divided social classes now bale to do?Integrate in everyday economic and educational activities.
- 99What are additional innovations?Include a bus rapid transit system named Metroplus - dedicated bus lanes and extensive above ground tram system and a city wide ride sharing program.
Emission-free transport
Free bike-sharing program - 100Why have educational, social programmes and the public arts and culture budgets been increased?To transform the lives of the most underprivileged residents in this city.
- 101What are the problems that are still present?Poverty rates have fallen but inequality between rich and poor has increased and cultural and geographic barriers continue to limit social integration.
Crime rates and gang violence remain high - 102Where is Belfast and what is its population?Capital city of Northern Ireland and home to 286,000 inhabitants
- 103It is the regions...Economic powerhouse, an industrial city where the Titanic was built and which was once the largest producer of linen in the world.
- 104When did the city suffer greatly?During the 30 year period of conflict called the Troubles
- 105What has it undergone since then?But has undergone a sustained period of calm and substantial economic and commercial growth since the Good Friday peace agreement was signed in 1998
- 106The city centre has seen...Large scale redevelopment and different parts of the city have been re-branded as 'quarters' emphasising their unique history and culture.
- 107What is 'quarter'?One of the largest brownfield redevelopment sites in Europe and includes the Titanic Studios and more than 100 companies.
- 108What are the city council and tourist board looking outwards to build?A cosmopolitan city which is open and welcoming
- 109What does the other representation link to?Complex political history of Belfast, the high degree of religious segregation and the image of 'bomb, bullets and balaclavas' which dominated newspaper front pages in the late twentieth century.
- 110What is an important part of the history of Belfast?Peace walls and Political parades
But some argue that they reflect a city struggling to move beyond the disputes and arguments which have shaped its past. - 111What has happened to tourism in the last decade?Significantly increased
Attracting more than 6.5 million visitors
Contributing £450 million annually to the local economy - 112What does this evidence suggest?Belfast has successfully managed to changed its international image and visitors from all over the world are attracted by the city's culture and vibrancy rather than being put off by events that have gone before.
- 113What does meaning relate to?Relates to individual or collective perceptions of place.
- 114What is representation?How a place is portrayed or seen in society
- 115What do they vary between?People and communities as shown by the example of Belfast
- 116What significance can places hold?Cultural, historical and spiritual
- 117What does research suggest about connecting to ones surrounding environments?Establishes knowledge of and appreciation for its resources, supports development of personal identity
- 118What does place memory refer to?The ability of place to make the past come to life in the present.
- 119What can this occur through?Material artefacts such as old photographs, place souvenirs.
- 120What can the sense of place be contrasted to?Perception of place - developed through what you hear, read...
- 121What do perception of international places tend to be influenced more by?Media rather than by personal and direct experience.
- 122What are organisations are being employed for?Promote place, build up a place brand or improve perceptions of a place.
- 123What do different agents of change aim to do?Manage the perception of place
- 124What may this include?National and local government, corporate bodies, tourist organisations and community groups.
- 125Strategies have been adopted to manage and manipulate perception of place in order to attract people and investment in place. - What do these include?Place marketing
Rebranding
Reimaging - 126Why may marketing or public relations companies be employed?By national and local government to improve or create positive perceptions of place.
- 127What could these strategies improve?Advertising campaigns, websites and newsletter, logos.
- 128What is rebranding used fore?Used to discard negative perceptions of a place
- 129Whats its main aim?Try to make a location a desirable place in which to live and one that people will want to visit for social and recreational purposes and to shop and spend money.
- 130What do many argue that place rebranding must start from?Start from the inside and involve local residents with insider experiences.
- 131Rebranding is not without its problems, such as?Different stakeholders may include pre-existing residents, local businesses, potential investors, local government and potential home owners or visitors and the challenge is to satisfy as many of these groups as possible.
- 132What do pre-existing residents often want?To protect and project their local distinctiveness while development agencies seek to establish place brands based on government incentives, available technology and an areas international links.
- 133What have some regeneration schemes done?Actually driven out the locals they originally intended to help, as rising property prices and rents have favoured more affluent people.
- 134What does reimaging seek to do?Discard negative perceptions of a place and generate new positive set of ideas, feelings and attitudes of people to that place
- 135This may include the revival of...A pre-existing but outdated place image.
- 136What happened in the late twentieth century to amsterdam?Reputation as a major international cultural centre has been threatened by a number of factors
- 137What do these include?Greater competition from other cities both within and outside of the Netherlands
Social and economic decline in some areas
Cities reputation for being liberal towards soft drugs and prostitution
Failed bid to host the Olympic games - 138A number of rebranding strategies were adopted but what was the most successful one?The 'I Amsterdam' slogan seen to be clear, short and powerful as well as memorable.
- 139Where was it positioned?In front of the city's famous Rijksmuseum in 2005 an the sculpture is now the city's most photographed item.
- 140How many times a day is it roughly photographed?On a sunny day = over 8000 times
- 141Why is this good?Use of smartphones and social media has seen the image spread all over the world
- 142What has amsterdam now experienced?Increased tourism and is one of the top 5 European cities based on its brand strength and cultural assets
- 143What is a corporate body?An organisation or group of persons that is identified by a particular name
- 144What are examples?Institutions, businesses, goverment agencies
- 145What will many corporate bodies have an interest in?Place but some will want to manipulate perceptions of place
- 146What promotional materials might be used?Brochures, videos, websites, magazine advertisements, slogans, logos are used to adopt unique selling point
- 147What might community or local groups take an active role in?Managing and improving the perception of their place to attract investment and improve opportunities and services within the area
- 148What is meant by meaning?Relates to individual or collective perceptions of a place
- 149What is media?Means of communication including television, film, photography, art, newspapers. - research and influence people widely
- 150What is objective?Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.
- 151What is qualitative data?Info that is non numerical and used in relatively unstructured and open-ended way. - descriptive info
- 152Where does this data often come from?Interviews, photographs
- 153What is quantitative data?Data that can be quantified and verified and is amenable to statistical manipulation.
- 154What is representation?How a place is portrayed in society
- 155What is subjective?Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes or opinions
- 156What is the UK census used for?Used to detail the social and economic characteristics of the population of the country for over 200 years
- 157What does the census provide?Large scale quantitative data which has been used by national agencies to better understand and plan for population growth and other demographic changes.
- 158Statistic data is...Subjective as people selectively choose the data they wish to use for their particular purpose.
- 159What is another criticism?Tell us very little about the human experience of a place and what it is like to live there
- 160What is it useful for?Used to analyse demographic changed - allocate funding for areas which can effect place
- 161What does every map represent?A distorted view of reality
- 162What do maps tell us?About the location and where a place is in relation to other places
- 163Different maps have...different scales
- 164Are maps objective or subjective?Both
- 165Objective as...Same data being used every time - based on factual info and studies done on earth
- 166Subjective as...As though they all use the same data, they are produced in different way.
- 167What are maps useful for?Location and navigation
- 168What does counter-mapping tell us?About the different things that make up an area = community figures, landmarks rather than buildings
Tells us about someones feelings towards a place, shaped by experiences - 169Subjective or objective?Subjective as it is influenced by peoples feelings and opinions
- 170Formal or informal?Informal - not based on statistics
- 171Quantitative or qualitative?Qualitative as is descriptive
- 172Usefulness?Useful as allows us to see how a local resident perceives certain areas in their own personal way
- 173What is Biomapping?Mapping of emotions shown by people to certain places through use of device which records the GSR
- 174Objective or subjective?Subjective as influenced by personal feelings
- 175Quantitative or qualitative?Qualitative
- 176Formal or informalInformal as is descriptive
- 177UsefulnessAllows you to pinpoint places you may want to avoid or go to.
- 178What can interviews generate?Detailed insights about a persons sense of place and perception - first hand reports
- 179Objective or subjective?Subjective
- 180Formal or informal?Informal - goes beyond spoken word
- 181Quantitative or qualitativeQualitative
- 182Usefulness?Can be bias
May not be honest about responses - 183What do media photographs tell us about a place?Photo-editing is common
Made to look more attractive
Dependant on weather, season, time
Selective in what they show - 184Subjective or objective?Subjective as photos tend to be edited to make the place look more desirable
- 185Formal or informal?Informal as show a place at a certain time and aren't normally pre planned
- 186Usefulness?Useful to show what place looks like but photo shopping means its not always the truth of an area
- 187What can Media textual tell us about a place?Novels may evoke feelings that the reader knows what it is like to be there
Places can become strongly associated with particular stories
Can be used as advertising - 188Subjective or objective?Subjective as unless its theoretical it is influenced by personal feelings
- 189Quantitative or qualitativeQualitative as typically descriptive data
- 190Formal or informalBoth depending on what the source is
- 191Usefulness?Evokes sense of place but can represent it inappropriately
- 192What does media poetry tell us about a place?Used to describe and evoke a sense of place. Specific place or imagined
Can show how changed over time
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- A level Geography Flashcards on Changing Places, created by Erin Vernon on 21/06/2017.
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- Erin Vernon
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