9554318
Description
Flashcards by Kristina Redd, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kristina Redd
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| These cells conduct electrical impulses. | Neurons (nerve cells) |
| What is the special relationship between glial cells and neurons? | There can't be one without the other. Support cells for neurons aid in nerve cell function. |
| What type of cells support, nurture, and protect neurons? | Glial cells |
| What are 3 types of neurons? | bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar |
| These neurons have a single axon and a single dendrite. They are located in sense organs. | Bipolar neurons |
| What type of neurons have single axon and multiple dendrites? | multipolar neurons |
| The most common type of neurons. | Multipolar neurons |
| These neurons have a single process that extends from cell body and branches into an axon and dendrite. They first develop in the embryo as bipolar cells whose axon and dendrite later fuse into a single process. | pseudounipolar neurons |
| These neurons are located in spinal and cranial ganglia. | pseudounipolar neurons |
| These neurons are coined as the "workhorse" neuron. They aid in moving muscles at the neuromuscular junction. | multipolar neurons |
| What are the two divisions of the nervous system? | anatomical divisions & functional divisions |
| What are the two primary neurons of the functional division of the nervous system? | afferent neurons & efferent neurons |
| What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system? | CNS & PNS |
| What two body parts make up the CNS? | brain and spinal cord |
| The PNS consists primarily of _____ ______ and _____. | peripheral nerves ganglia |
| Efferent neurons involve what types of networks? | somatic (voluntary) & autonomic (involuntary) |
| _____ receive stimuli from sensory cells, axons, or other neurons. They convert these signals into small electrical impulses which are transmitted to soma. | Dendrites |
| ______ often have arborized terminals which permit a neuron to receive very large number of stimuli. | Dendrites |
| What are two other names for neuronal cell bodies? | soma, perikaryon |
| This portion of the soma lacks rough ER and ribosomes. It also contains microtubules and neurofilaments. | axon hillock |
| These move organelles within a cell, projecting direct axonal flow. | microtubules |
| Part of cytoskeleton, ____ are intermediate filaments of the soma. | neurofilaments |
| This portion of the soma is large with dispersed chromatin and a large nucleolus. | Nucleus |
| Describe the stain of an axon. | lack of staining because no Golgi or RER, indicating proteins (darkly stained); traveling down axon hillock cannot be seen also |
| _____ conduct impulses away from the soma to the axon terminals. May also branch. | Axons |
| While dendrites taper, ____ retain a constant diameter along their course. The diameter is proportional with the size of a cell body, but length is highly variable. | axons |
| The name for neuronal cytoplasm, which is devoid of RER. | axoplasm |
| The term for the axonal plasma membrane. | axolemma |
| This structure of a neuron terminates in axon terminals from which impulses are passed to another neuron or other type of cell (muscle or gland). | Axon |
| An individual axon enveloped by a myelin sheath. | nerve fiber |
| How are myelin sheaths produced? | Oligodendrocytes in the CNS Schwann cells in the PNS |
| Where are oligodendrocytic myelin sheaths found? | CNS |
| Where are myelin sheaths produced by Schwann cells found? | PNS |
| How are lipoprotein sheaths formed? | by several layers of plasma membrane of a Schwann cell wrapping around an axon |
| Segments covered by one Schwann cell are separated by _____ ___ _____. | Nodes of Ranvier |
| How do lipids stain? | Not well, so you must identify a lack of staining. Use a special stain that adds dark circles around the layers of Schwann cells being wrapped by lipoproteins. |
| Describe the thickness proportion between axons and myelin sheaths. | The thicker the axon, the thicker the myelin sheaths |
| Which is faster impulse: a myelinated axon or unmyelinated axon? | myelinated axon |
| How are unmyelinated axons insulated? | by astrocyte processes |
| Where are unmyelinated axons located in the PNS? | embedded in Schwann-cell cytoplasm |
| The most common demyelinating disease. | Multiple Sclerosis |
| What is this disease? - Unknown etiology; immune/viral factors suspected - Multiple areas of demyelination in brain and spinal cord; progressive - Weakness of lower extremities, visual problems, sensory disturbances -CNS system | Multiple Sclerosis |
| Which myelin disorder is found in the CNS? PNS? | CNS = Multiple Sclerosis PNS = Guillain-Barré Syndrome |
| What is this disease? - PNS system - Acute inflammatory demyelinating disease involving peripheral nerves - Often preceded by viral infection, immunization, or allergic reactions - autoimmune etiology - Ascending muscle weakness and paralysis (moving from lower extremity upward) - Most patients recover but respiratory failure may lead to death | Guillain-Barré Syndrome |
| This connective tissue is fibrous, dense tissue that forms the external coat of nerves. | Epineurium |
| This layer of modified dense connective tissue surrounds each bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibers. Its inner surface consists of flattened epithelioid cells joined by tight junctions (barrier function). | perineurium |
| This thin layer of loose connective tissue surrounds individual nerve fibers. | endoneurium |
| This matter contains mainly myelinated but also some unmyelinated nerve fibers. | white matter |
| What is the function of pyramidal neurons in the brain? | They give spatial recognition. |
| What is the function of purkinje fibers/cells in the brain? | proper movement in coordinated way; pain reception and awareness |
| What are two important specialized receptors in the brain? | Meissner's corpuscles & Pacinian corpuscles |
| Name this specialized receptor. - Encapsulated receptors in dermis (skin) - fingertips - CT capsule enveloping nerve terminal and its Schwann cell - Fine touch | Meissner's corpuscles |
| Name this specialized receptor. - Encapsulated receptor in dermis, joints, and mesenteries - Multilayered capsule of fibroblasts, collagen, and fluid, surrounding a nerve terminal - Pressure, touch, vibration | Pacinian corpuscles |
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