Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

1. Alternative Names

   • as
     • Communication impairment.
       • Autism spectrum disorder in children; language disorder: autism spectrum disorder in children
     • Language impairment
       • Autism spectrum disorder in children
     • Autism spectrum disorder in children.
       • Communication disorders.
     • Codes
       • ICD-9
         • •299.00 autistic disorder, current or active state
         • 299.01 infantile autism, residual state
       • ICD-10
         • F84.0 childhood autism • F84.1 atypical autism • F84.5 Asperger’s syndrome

2. DEFINITION

   • It's a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly characterized by ‘‘persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts’’ (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5).
     • it has
       • PREVALENCE
         • The estimated prevalence of ASD based on 2014 data was 2.24%
       • RISK FACTORS
         • Genetic susceptibility
           • 15% of cases of ASD are associated with a known genetic mutation.
           • Heritability estimates for ASD have ranged from 37% to higher than 90%
         • Male Sex.
         • Nonspecific environmental factors
           • Advanced paternal age.
             • High levels of parent stress due to behavior problems associated ASD
           • Fetal exposure to valproate.
           • Low birth weight.
       • ETIOLOGY
         • Unknown
       • PROGNOSIS
         • Vary with
           • Severity of ASD and the severity of cognitive and language disorders.
       • CHARACTERISTICS
         • Deficits
           • in
             • Social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts.
             • The temporal domain, shown in tasks assessing temporal integration of auditory and visual stimuli.
             • Communication
               • social-emotional reciprocity
                 • example
                   • reduced sharing of interests
               • nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction
                 • example
                   • abnormalities in eye contact and body language
               • Developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
                 • Example
                   • Difficulties in sharing imaginative play.
         • Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
         • Children with an ASD may have other developmental disabilities.
           • Such as
             • Mental retardation.
             • Seizure disorder.
             • Fragile X syndrome.
             • Tuberous sclerosis.
           • and
             • They are at risk for feeding and swallowing disorders.
               • CONTRAINDICATIONS/PRECAUTIONS
       • PATHOGENESIS
         • Period of abnormal brain and head overgrowth.

3. Anatomical Location

   • it's a
     • Neurodevelopmental condition that affects the entire individual.