Participants

Participants

1. Thematic Roles

   • AGENT: The initiaton of some action of volition
     • The fox jumped out of the ditch
   • PATIENT: The effect of some action change in state
     • The sun melted the ice
   • THEME: Is moved by an action or whose location is described
     • The book is in the library
   • EXPERIENCER: Aware of the action or state described by the predicate but is not in control of the action or state
     • Kevin felt ill
   • BENEFICIARY: Whose benefit the action was performed
     • They backed me a cake
   • INSTRUMENT:an action is performed or something comes about
     • They signed the treaty with the same pen
   • LOCATION: The place is situated or takes places
     • The monster was hiding under the bed
   • GOAL: Something moves, either literally as in or metaphorically
     • Pat told the joke to his friends
   • SOURCE:
     • Something moves, either literally as in or metaphorically
       • We got the idea from a French magazine

2. Motivation for identifying thematic roles

   • Conventional linkage between the participant roles and the grammatical relationship
     • Argument selection principle
       • Proto-Agent properties: the argument having the greatest number of proto patient entailments will be lexicalized as the direct object
   • Corollary 1.relation have equal numbers of entailer Proto-Patient properties lexicalized as the subject
   • Corollary 2. Proto-Patient properties will be lexicalized as the direct object and the non subject argument having fewer entailed
   • Non discreteness. Proto roles do not classify arguments exhaustively or uniquely ) or discretely

3. Voice

   • Passive voice
     • The speaker describe the situation from the point of view of the Patient. Allows the foregrounding of roles other than Patient
       • This money was donated to the school. [Theme]
       • The UFO was seen by just two people. [Percept]
       • He was given a camera from his grandmother. [Recipient]

4. Middle voice

   • Very languages display this active/passive voice contrast
     • Have a three-way distinction: active, passive and middle voice
       • Middle voice: The subject of the verb is affected by the action described by the verb.
         • Neuter intransitives:the subject undergoes a non-volitional process or change of state
         • Bodily activity and emotion: the verb occurs in a middle voice the activity involves the body or emotions of the subject
         • Reflexives: Verbs of grooming occur in the middle voice with no need for a reflexive pronoun as object
           • Languages verbs of grooming occur in the middle voice, with no need for a reflexive pronoun as object
         • Autobenefactives: is use to signify that the action of the subject is done for his or her own benefit
           • Pronoun marks middle forms, often the same form as a reflexive pronoun

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