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Fundamentos de Redes

Sara García Spanish

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1rst: PHYSICAL LAYER:
- INTERMEDIARY DEVICE: HUBS
  - half duplex
- CABLES
  - FIBER
    - LIGHT PULSE
    - two types
      - Single-mode fiber
        small core & long distances
      - Multi-mode fiber
        larger core, greatest dispersion(loss of signal)
  - COOPER
    - ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
    - "" MEDIA
      - UTP
        MOST COMMON
        CABLING STANDARDS
        CATEGORY 3
        phone lines
        "" 5 AND 5e
        data transmission 100 and 1000 Mb/s
        "" 6
        1000 Mb/s-10 Gb/s
        types
        Ethernet Straight
        connects host to network device
        Ethernet crossover
        host to host, switch to switch
        Rollover
        connects workstation to router using an adapter
      - STP
      - COAXIAL
  - WIRELESS
    - DIGITAL SIGNALS
    - LAN
      - WIRELESS ACCESS POINT (AP)
      - WIRELESS NIC ADAPTERS
- PDU: BIT
  - ENCODING
    - issues
      - Error detection
      - noise and interference
      - complexity
    - UNI-POLAR
      - NRZ
        1 voltage level
    - POLAR
      - NRZ-L
        1 negative, 0 positive
      - NRZ-I
        1 transition at the beggining of the bit
      - 2 voltage level
      - RZ
        1 positive, 0 negative, three voltage
    - Bi-phase
      - Manchester
      - Differential Manchester
        0-transition at the beggining
- DATA TRANSFER
  - BANDWIDTH
    - BITS PER SECOND
  - THROUGHPUT
    - HOW FAST BITS TRANSFER
    - AFFECTED BY
      - TRAFFIC
      - LATENCY
        DELAY
2nd: DATA LINK LAYER
- switches and NIC
  - full duplex
  - switch
    - Store-and-Foward
      - recieves the entire frame
      - sotres data in buffers
        Port-Based Memory
        stored in queues
        Shared Memory
        common memory buffer
      - computes a CRC
    - Cut-Through
      - fowards the frame before it is entirely received
        Fast-Foward Switching
        low latency
        uses NICs
        Fragment-free switching
        stores the first 64 bytes
- Logical Link Control (LLC)
  - IPV4
  - IPV6
  - NIC
- Ethernet II
  - PREAMBLE
    - NOTIFIES DESTINATION TO GET READY FOR A NEW FRAME
  - Start of Frame Delimiter
    - synchronizes
  - Destination MAC Address
    - unicast
    - multicast
    - broadcast
    - ASSISTS A HOST
  - Source MAC Address
    - Frame originating NIC or MAC
    - always UNICAST
    - ARP
      - To find destination MAC Address
      - ARP Reply
        Unicast
      - ARP Request
        Broadcast
  - EtherType
    - HIGHER-LAYER PROTOCOL
      - 0X800
        IPV4
      - 0X86DD
        IPV6
      - 0X806
        ARP
  - HEADER AND DATA
    - 64 BYTES
  - FCS Frame Check Sequence
    - CRC Cycle Redundancy Check
      - detects errors
- MAC SUBLAYER
  - Media Access Control (MAC)
    - TOPOLOGY
      - PHYSICAL
        POINT TO POINT (devices)
      - LOGICAL
        HOW TRANSFER FRAMES TO ONE NODE TO ANOTHER
    - MEDIA SHARING
    - HALF DUPLEX
      - HUBS AND WLANS
        CONECTION-BASED ACCESS
        CSMA/CD
        ALL THE DEVICES RECEIVE THE FRAME SO THEY MUST WAIT TO SEND A FRAME
        CSMA/CA
        THE RECEIVER SENDS AN ACKNOWLEDGE SO THE SENDER KNOWS IT RECEIVED THE FRAME
    - METHODS
      - CONTROLL ACCESS
        CERTAIN TIME
    - PDU: FRAME
      - HEADER
        FRAME START
        ADDRESING
        TYPE
        layer 3 protocol
        CONTROL
        Quality of Services QoS
        gives priority
      - DATA
        source IP and destination
      - TRAILER
        ERROR DETECTION
        FRAME STOP
    - MAC FORMAT
      - OUI
        VENDOR'S ASSIGNED
        FIRST THREE BYTES
      - NIC, INTERFACES
        LAST THREE
        UNIQUE FOR EACH DEVICE
  - Data Encapsulation
    - frame delimiting
      - synchronization between nodes
    - Addressing
      - Layer 3 PDU
        packet
    - Error Detection
3rd: NETWORK LAYER
- ENCAPSULATION
  - IP encapsulates the transport layer segment by adding an IP header
- Router
  - connect to the default gateway
  - routing table
    - directly connect routes
    - Remote Route
      - Connect to remote Networks
    - Default Route
- PDU: Packet
- IP
  - IPV4
    - HEADER
      - Version
        0100 Version 4
      - Differentiated Services (DS)
        (ToS) Tiype of Service, priority of each packet
      - TTL Time-To-Live
      - Protocol
        (1) ICMP
        (6) TCP
        (17) UDP
      - Source IP Address
      - Destination IP Address
      - The Internet Header Length (IHL), Total Length & Header Checksum
        identify and validate the packet.
    - Limitations
      - IP Address depletion
      - Internet Routing Table Expansion
        no enough routes
      - Lack of end-to-end connectivity
        NAT
        NAT provides a way for multiple devices to share a single public IPv4 address.
        translate between private IPv4 and Public IPv4
    - Public
      - assigned to use at the Internet
    - Private
      - assigned to internal hosts
    - Special
      - Loopback Addresses
        used by a host to direct traffic to itself.
        127.0.0.0
      - Link-Local Addresses
        peer to peer connection
      - TEST-NET Addresses
        teaching and learning
  - IPV6
    - Improvements
      - Multicast
        Broadcast doesn't exits
      - Security
      - Simpler Address Configuration
        the prefix length of the subnet is 64 bits
      - NOT NAT
      - Improved Packet handling
        fewer fields
      - Increased Address Space
    - HEADER
      - Flow Label
        Suggest that all packets receive the same type of handling by the router
      - Version
        4-bit 0110
      - Traffic Class
        classifies packets for Congestion Control
      - Payload Length
      - Next Header
        Identifies the application Protocol
      - Hop Limit
        TTL
        ICMPv6
        this value reach 0, the sender is notified that the packet was not delivered
  - Connectionless
  - Best Effort
    - packet delivery, not guaranteed
      - some packets may be lost
  - Medium Independent
    - depends of the media (cable type)
- Host Fowarding Decision
  - Itself
  - Local Host
  - Remote
    - fowarded to the default gateway
- Network Address
  - Performe an AND of HOST ADDRESS BINARY AND SUBNET MASK BINARY
- FRAME FRAGMENTATION?
4rd: TRANSPORT LAYER
- PDU Segments
- gateway
- TCP
  - NUMBERING AND TRACKING DATA SEGMENTS
  - ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIVED DATA
  - RESTRAIMITING ANY UNACKNOWLEDGE AFTER A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF TIME
  - SAME ORDER DELIVERY
  - FLOW CONTROL
  - Three-Way Handshake
    - Consists of sending and ACK and SYN together
  - FULL DUPLEX
- UDP
  - NO ACK
  - FASTER
  - NO PACKET RECOVERY
  - DELIVERS DATA AS IT ARRIVES
- PORTS
  - WELL-KNOW
    - For client applications
      - (Numbers 0 to 1023)
  - REGISTERED
    - Numbers 1024 to 49151
  - DYNAMIC OR PRIVATE
    - Assigned by OS
      - Numbers 49152 to 65535
- SOCKETS
  - Destination IP and Destination PORT
  - Source IP and Source PORT
7TH: APPLICATION LAYER
- PDU: DATA
- FIREWALL
- TCP
  - EMAIL
    - SMTP
    - POP
      - retrieve email
    - IMAP
      - Client access email stored
  - FILE
    - FTP
  - WEB
    - HTTP
      - GET
      - POST
        UPLOAD DATA FILES
      - PUT
        UPLOAD RESOURCES OR CONTENT
    - HTTPS
  - Peer to peer
- UDP
  - DHCP
    - DHCPdiscover
    - DHCPoffer
    - DHCP request
    - DHCPACK
    - PORTS
      - CLIENT 68
      - SERVER 67
  - BOOTP
  - TFTP
- BOTH
  - DNS
    - ROOT SERVER
    - TLD LAYER
      - AUTHORITY
        knows the IP!
      - .net, .com
    - ITERATIVE
      - one by one
    - RECURSIVE
      - first root-TLD-Authority-DNS

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Description: Mind Map on Fundamentos de Redes, created by Sara García on 10/05/2018.
Created by: Sara García
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