Introduce el texto aquí

Introduce el texto aquí

1. Analyzing data with the aid of statistics usually makes the researcher more manegeable and more efficient, as there are acceptable procedures for doing it.

   • On the other hand, using qualitative procedures often puts a heavier burden on the researcher

2. Data analysis refers to sifting, organizing, summarizing and synthesizing the data so as to arrive at the results and conclusions to the research.

   • The stage I am in: I am reading as many sources as possible. This is something that researchers have to do. And I am also thinking how to design my interview questions, this interview will be for teachers. Besides I have already selected the questionnaire that I am going to use with both students and teachers and when observing, I will be using a check list.
     • Rubén Jesús Cruz May
       • Seliger and Shohamy (1989). Ch. 9, Analyzing data, pp. 201-241.

3. It is important to note that different statistical procedures have certain requirements for their use since certain techniques will only work with certain types of data.

   • Parametric statistics: They are far more powerful than the non-parametric statistics.
   • Non-parametric statistics: Used for nominal and ordinal data; weaker assumptions.

4. Types of techniques

   • A) Deriving a set of categories for dealing with text ssegments from the text itsfel.
   • B) An ordering system of categories already exists at the beginning of the process and the researcher applies this system to the data.
   • Validating the results is an important component of analizyng qualitative data because of the possible subjectivity associated with the analysis and interpretation of the results.

5. Inter-rater reliability was judged by giving a random selection of four protocols to a judge who was s professional in the field of applied linguistics.

   • Intra-rater reliability was assessed by the researcher re-rating half of the sample of tapes after a period of time had elapsed from the initial categorization of the responses in these protocols.

6. Descriptive statistics refers to a set of procedures which are used to describe different aspects of the data.

   • Frequencies are used to indicate how often a phenomenon occurs and they are based on counting the number of occurrences.
     • Central tendency measures provide information about the average and the typical behavior of subjects in respect of a specific phenomenon.
       • Variability provides information on the average behavior of the subjects in cartain tasks.

7. Correlational techniques are used for analyzing data obtained from descriptive research which examines existing relationships between variables with their no manipulation.

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