Learning Styles and Strategies

Learning Styles and Strategies

1. STYLE

   • The term refers to the preferences that each person has.
     • Learning styles
       • Personality + Cognition =
         • Cognitive Style
           • Affective and Physiological factor in a learning context =
             • Learning styles according to Ehrman and Leaver
               • 1. Field Independence-Dependence
                 • FI: It is closely related to analysis and focus learning activities.
                 • FD: It is related to the communicative aspects of L2, since it is associated to empathy..
               • 2. Random (Non linear) vs. Sequential (Linear)
               • 3. Global vs. Particular
               • 4. Inductive vs. Deductive
               • 5. Synthetic vs. Analytic
               • 6. Analogue vs. Digital
               • 7. Concrete vs. Abstract
               • 8. Leveling vs. Sharpening
               • 9. Impulsive vs. Reflective
             • According to Torrance
               • Brain Dominance
                 • Left hemisphere
                   • Intellectual.
                   • Respond to verbal instructions and explanations.
                   • Planned and structured.
                   • Analytic reader.
                   • Reliance on language in thinking and remembering.
                   • Prefers talking and writing.
                 • Right hemisphere
                   • Intuitive.
                   • Respond to demonstrated, illustrated, or symbolic instructions.
                   • Fluid and Spontaneous.
                   • Synthesizing reader.
                   • Reliance on images in thinking and remembering.
                   • Prefers drawing and manipulating objects.
             • Ambiguity tolerance
               • It refers to the level of acceptance people have to accept different ideas.
             • Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Styles
               • Auditory: Prefer listening to lectures and audiotapes.
               • Visual: Prefer reading and studying graphic information.
               • Kinesthetic: Prefer activities that involve bodily movement.
           • +

2. STRATEGIES

   • The term relates to the way people solve problems and manipulates information.
     • Learning Strategies
       • 1. Metacognitive: Planning and monitoring.
         • Advance organizers
         • Directed attention
         • Selective attention
         • Self-management
         • Functional planning
         • Self-monitoring
         • Delayed production
         • Self-evaluation
       • 2. Cognitive: Manipulation of the learning material.
         • Repetition
         • Resourcing
         • Translation
         • Grouping
         • Note taking
         • Deduction
         • Recombination
         • Imagery
         • Auditory representation
         • Keyword
         • Contextualization
         • Elaboration
         • Transfer
         • Inferencing
       • 3. Socioaffective: Interaction activities.
         • Cooperation
         • Question for clarification
     • Communication Strategies
       • 1. Avoidance
         • Topic avoidance
         • Phonological avoidance
         • Syntactic avoidance
         • Lexical avoidance
         • Message abandonment
       • 2. Compensatory
         • Circumlotion
         • Approximation
         • Use of all-purpose words
         • Word coinage
         • Prefabricated patterns
         • Nonlinguistic signals
         • Literal translation
         • Foreignizing
         • Code-switching
         • Appeal for help
         • Stalling or time-gaining strategies

3. STRATEGIES-BASED INSTRUCTION

   • Application of learning and communication strategies.
     • Direct
       • Memory
         • 1. Creating mental linkages.
         • 2. Applying images and sounds
         • 3. Reviewing well
         • 4. Employing action.
       • Cognitive
         • 1. Practicing
         • 2. Receiving and sending messages.
         • 3. Analyzing and reasoning
         • 4. Creating structure for input and output.
       • Compensation
         • 1. Guessing intelligently
         • 2. Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing.
     • Indirect
       • Metacognitive
         • 1. Centering your learning
         • 2. Arranging and planing your learning
         • 3. Evaluating your learning
       • Affective
         • 1. Lowering your anxiety
         • 2. Encouraging yourself
         • 3. Taking your emotional temperature
       • Social
         • 1. Asking questions
         • 2. Cooperating with others
         • 3. Empathizing with others