Population change: birth, death and fertility rates

Populations in Transition

1. Population change

   • Annual Growth Rate
   • Crude birth rates (CBR):
   • Crude death rates (CDR)
   • Population distribution
   • Population density
   • Fertlity
     • Age specific birth rate
     • General fertility rate
     • Total fertility rate
     • Reproductive age range (or child bearing age)
     • Replacement rate
     • FACTORS CAUSING HIGH BIRTH RATES Primary based economy where children are needed to work on land Women maintained in traditional role of rearing children and taking care of house Lack of education about contraception and family planning The need for children to care for elderly residents Status symbol of having a large family or the need to obtain a male heir Pro-natalist policy Religious or legal practices (no abortion or discouragement of using contraception) Marriage at a young age
     • FACTORS CAUSING LOW BIRTH RATES Availability and affordability of contraception Education about contraception and family planning Reduced infant mortality (less need to have more children to make up for infant deaths) Female emancipation (females are free to get an education and work) Cost of children Anti-natalist policy (like China) Delayed marriage Better care for old dependents (less need for children to care for their parents in old age) Mechanisation of primary sector and shift to secondary and tertiary sectors
   • Mortality
     • Infant mortality rate (IMR)
     • Child mortality rate
     • Age specific death rate
     • Life expectancy
     • FACTORS CAUSING HIGH DEATH RATES War Natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, droughts and floods Disease Poor medical care Shortage of clean water and poor hygiene Unhealthy lifestyle
     • FACTORS CAUSING LOW DEATH RATESI mproved medical care Immunisation programmes e.g. Small pox Clean and reliable water supply Improved diet (higher calorific intake and healthier diet) Improved sanitation and hygiene Improved exercise

2. Responses to high and low fertility

   • Old dependents
   • Young dependents
   • Ageing ratio
   • Economically active
   • Ageing population
   • Dependency Ratio

3. Movement responses - Migration

4. Gender and change

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