REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

1. STATEMENTS

   • When the reporting verb is in the past,the tense of the verb in reported speech usually changes, going one tense 'back'. Some tenses cannot go any further back and so stay the same.
     • PRESENT SIMPLE- PAST SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS- PAST CONTINUOUS, PAST SIMPLE- PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE- PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS- PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS, PAST CONTINUOUS- PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS, WILL-WOULD
     • TODAY-THAT DAY, TONIGHT-THAT NIGHT,TOMORROW-THE NEXT DAY/ THE FOLLOWING DAY, NEXT WEEK- THE NEXT WEEK/THE FOLLOWING WEEK, AGO-BEFORE, LAST WEEK-THE PREVIOUS WEEK/ THE WEEK BEFORE, YESTERDAY. THE PREVIOUS DAY/ THE DAY BEFORE
   • COULD,WOULD,SHOULD,and MIGHT do not change from direct to reported speech.
   • When the reporting verb is in the present simple or present perfect, the tense of the verb in reported speech usually stays the same
     • I enjoy watchin films- He says he enjoys watching films.
   • When the reporting verb is in the past but the statement is something which is still true,or is and will always be true, the tense of the verb in reported speech usually stays the same.
     • He is Italian- Peter said he is Italian.
   • In reported speech, pronouns and posessive adjectives also change.
     • 'I will help you with maths'- He said he would help me with maths.
   • With SAY you do not need to use a personal object to say who you are saying something to.
     • He said it was going to be a great film.
   • With TELL you must use a personal object to say who you are saying something to.
     • He told me it was going to be a great fim.

2. QUESTIONS

   • We do not use the auxiliary verb 'DO' in reported questions
     • 'Do you like pop music?' - She asked me if I liked pop music.
   • There is no inversion of subject and verb in reported questions.
     • 'Where are you?'- She asked me where I was.
   • When there is no question word( what, who...), we use IF or WHETHER
     • 'Will the situation change?'- She asked me it the situation would change.

3. OTHER REPORTING VERBS

   • Verbs that work like 'SAY' (you do not need to use a personal object with them)
     • ADD, ADMIT, AGREE, ANNOUNCE, CLAIM, COMPLAIN, EXPLAIN, PROMISE
     • He explained that all the companies started making 3D televisions.
   • Verbs that work like'TELL' ( you need to use a personal object with them)
     • REMIND, WARN
     • She reminded me that.

4. OTHER REPORTING STRUCTURES

   • VERB+ INFINITIVE
     • AGREE, CLAIM, OFFER, PROMISE, REFUSE
       • He refused to pay that.
   • VERB+OBJECT+INFINITIVE
     • ASK,ADVISE, FORBID,INSTRUCT, TELL,ORDER, INVITE,REMIND,WARN,RECOMMEND
       • I asked him to see the film with me.
   • VERB+ GERUND
     • ADMIT,ADVISE,DENY,REGRET,RECOMMEND,SUGGEST
       • She suggested seeing a 3D film.
   • VERB+PREPOSITION+GERUND
     • APOLOGIZE FOR, INSIST ON. OBJECT TO,CONFESS TO
       • He insisted on watching the film.
   • VERB+OBJECT+PREPOSITION+GERUND
     • ACCUSE SOMEBODY OF,CONGRATULATE SOMEBODY ON,CRITICIZE SOMEBODY FOR,WARN SOMEBODY AGAINST
       • He criticized cinemas for charging too much for cinema tickets.