Topic 17. Space Location: Place, Direction, Distance.

Topic 17. Space Location: Place, Direction, Distance.

1. Introduction

   • "How fallacious is to judge the nature of things by the inconstant and ordinary use of words", Thomas Hobbes.
   • AIM + Steps

2. Expression of position = PLACE

   • Realised by
     • Also
       • PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
     • PREPOSITIONS
       • SIMPLE
       • COMPLEX
     • Grammatical types
       • ADVERBS
       • ADVERBIAL PHRASES
       • NOUN PHRASES
       • IDIOMS
   • POSITION
     • SIMPLE
       • Static location. Places = points on a route/institutions to which one is attached.
       • 3 TYPES
         • AT
           • Small area = 'at this point'
           • USES
             • particular point
             • what happens in a building
             • social activities
             • specific expressions
             • addresses = house nº
             • place on a journey
         • IN / into
           • position + movement. Place w/ boundaries
           • USES
             • enclosed space surrounded
             • buildings + areas surrounded by walls
             • larger areas
             • relative position
             • common expressions
             • newspapers + magazines
           • used w/ vb put
           • Adverb
         • ON/ onto
           • position + movement
           • Adverb
           • USES
             • horizontal + vertical surface
             • any kind of line
             • machines
             • directions (right/left)
     • RELATIVE
       • Indicate position of smth in relation to smth else
       • TYPES
         • ABOVE/BELOW
           • similar to over/under
           • directly
         • ON TOP/OVER
           • over= cover
         • IN FRONT/ BEHIND
           • before/after
             • precedence
           • physical position
         • UNDER/BENEATH/UNDERNEATH
         • BY/BESIDE/WITH
           • contact
           • Close to/Near to
             • Exclude actual contact
             • can be graded
         • BETWEEN/ AMONG
           • opposite
             • around (Am)/ round(Br)
           • two objects vs + general plural (amidst)
   • BY OTHER MEANS
     • adverbs/ adverbial phrases
     • linking = complement
       • verbs
       • prepositional verbs
     • noun phrase
     • conjunts
       • noun phrases sometimes
     • idiomatic expressions

3. Expression of DIRECTION

   • DIRECTION IN RELATION TO POSITION
     • mainly expressed by prep. regarding position
       • movement + static position
         • cause and effect relation
           • position
           • destination
     • simple
       • in, into, above, down, up
     • complex
       • all along, around, all through, right across
     • OTHER MEANS
       • adverbs
         • position and direction
           • away, back, below
         • direction only
           • aside, backwards, forwards
       • adverbial phrases
       • noun phrases
       • only vbs of motion + dynamic
         • directional meaning
       • directional adv.phrases
         • vb. to be + resultative meaning
   • MAIN TYPES
     • Direction
       • up, down, along, across, past, from... to, towards.
     • Passage
       • in, on, across, through, past, over, under, by
     • Relative destination
       • by, over, under
   • RESULTATIVE MEANING
     • Vbs of motion + dynamic vbs
     • directional adverbial phrase + to be
     • Colloquial English
       • on + in
         • position + destination
   • PLACING OF DIRECTION
   • OTHER WAYS

4. Expression of DISTANCE

   • Answers the ??
     • How far...?
     • Where?
   • PREPOSITIONS
     • away from, beyond, over, past, outside, next to, near, from
     • Other
       • up, down, along, across, around
   • 3 points of reference
     • 1.from the speaker
     • 2.point of reference
     • 3.personal measure btw 2 points
   • Other means
     • adverbs + adv. phrases extremely
     • vb + preposition
     • noun phrases