Topic 23. Sentence Structure: Declaratives, Directives, Interrogatives, Exclamatives

Topic 23. Sentence Structure: Declaratives, Directives, Interrogatives, Exclamatives

1. Introduction

   • "How fallacious is to judge the nature of things by the ordinary and inconstant use of words", Thomas Hobbes
   • WAYS TO COMMUNICATE USING
     • DECLARATIVES
     • DIRECTIVES
     • INTERROGATIVES
     • EXCLAMATIVES
     • Depend on
       • Context
       • Situation
   • AIM
     • Sentence structure + types
   • SENTENCE??
     • largest grammatical unit
     • subject + predicate
     • contains MAIN CLAUSE
       • SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

2. SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION

   • DECLARATIVE - STATEMENT
     • USE
       • Convey information
     • AFFIRMATIVE/NEGATIVE
     • BASIC STRUCTURE
       • S+V+O+ADV.
       • OTHER ELEMENTS
         • Objects (D/I)
         • Determiners (A/P)
         • Complements (Adv/Adj)
     • STATEMENT
       • SUBJECT + PREDICATE
         • normal explanation
         • S +important predicate
           • principle weighted element
             • end position
       • PREDICATIVE + VERB + SUBJECT
         • emphatic word + object
           • as many, much, here, away
     • ORDER OF OBJECTS
       • I - O
       • O - I
     • NEGATIVE DECLARATIVES
       • deny, refuse, negate
       • contain :( word
         • not, never, nothing
           • not - vb
             • btw operator and predicate
               • contractions of operator
                 • informal
           • no - noun
       • broad negatives
         • scarcely, seldom, hardly, barely, little
       • EMPHASIS
         • whatsoever, ever, at all, in the least, in the highest, a bit
     • 3 CLASSES OF WORDS
       • Assertive
       • Non-assertive
       • Negative
       • NOT 2 NEGATIVE WORDS TO NEGATE
   • DIRECTIVES - IMPERATIVE
     • General characteristics
       • NO O., NO main VB, NO sub!!
       • Lacks tense distinction + NOT modal vbs
       • Passives w/ be in :) / :(
     • TYPES
       • DIRECTIVE W/ SUBJ.
         • Omitted 'you'
           • added when stressed
         • Strong irritation
         • 3rd p. also possible
       • DIRECTIVE W/ LET
         • LET + SUB.
       • NEGATIVE D.
         • ADD don't / do not
           • assertive to non-assertive
         • 3rd person imperative
           • let + not
   • INTERROGATIVE
     • To ask for information
     • TYPES
       • YES/ NO QUESTIONS
         • operator bf the subject + rising intonation
         • use of assertive, non-a, :( form
           • orientate the ? towards a :) / :( answer
             • :) something
             • :( nothing
         • :) ? w/ :( orientation
           • really
         • QUESTION TAGS
       • WH- QUESTIONS
         • Interrogative words
         • AIM
           • Details for something
         • Falling intonation
         • Position of whom
           • depends on preposition
         • works as S, O, Adv.
       • ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS
         • choose btw 2 things
         • Falling intonation
       • RETHORICAL QUESTION
         • force of a strong assertion
         • not expect an answer
         • = strong negative assertion
         • Wh- ?
   • EXCLAMATIVES
     • WHAT/HOW
       • What
         • pre-determiner in noun-phrases
       • How
         • intensifier
           • O, Adv, Clause
       • Initial position
       • Emphatic items
         • SO
         • SUCH
     • EXCLAMATIVE EXPRESSIONS
       • Interjections
       • Nouns group
       • Qualitative adj.
       • Prepositional phrases
       • Formulaic exclamatives
     • ECHO EXCLAMATIONS
       • express astonishment/ great surprises
       • repeat part of preceding utterance
     • extent to which the speaker is surprised