Topic 26. Doubt, Conditional, Hypothesis and Contrast.

Topic 26. Doubt, Conditional, Hypothesis and Contrast.

1. Introduction

   • AIM + STEPS
   • ATTENTION TO
     • grammatical structures
     • communicative value

2. CONDITION

   • Expressed by conditionals
   • Distinctive pattern
   • TYPES
     • ZERO TYPE/ PRESENT CONDITIONAL
       • IF + PRESENT, PRESENT/IMPERATIVE
       • USES
         • conditions that are always true
         • scientific facts
         • give instructions
       • when/ whenever
         • instead of 'if'
     • TYPE 1/ FIRST CONDITIONAL
       • IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL + FUTURE
       • USES
         • predict likely or probable results
         • express promises, warning or threats
       • modals used: may/ must
     • TYPE 2/ SECOND CONDITIONAL
       • IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + INF (NOT TO)
         • might/could = uncertainty
       • USES
         • speculate about imaginary or improbable situations now/ in the future.
           • IMPLICATION: CONDITION WILL NOT BE MET
         • unreal situations
         • express advice
           • If i were you...
     • TYPE 3/ THIRD CONDITIONAL
       • IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
       • USES
         • speculates about situations which didn't happen in the past
           • looks back at the past
     • MIXED CONDITIONAL
       • IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + INFINITIVE W/OUT TO
       • mixture of 3rd + 2nd conditional
         • links a completed past action w/ present result
   • PUNCTUATION
     • IF CLAUSE + MAIN CLAUSE
       • NO COMMAS
       • ORDER ALTERED
         • no difference in meaning
   • OTHER WAYS
     • UNLESS = IF NOT
     • AS LONG AS
       • emphasis condition
     • PROVIDED/PROVIDING (THAT)
       • on condition that
       • + formal than if
     • BUT FOR
       • If it was not/ If had not been for
     • the condition is that, the only condition is that, on condition that, as condition
   • iNVERSIONS

3. DOUBT

   • EXPRESSIONS
     • I don't know, I wonder if.., I'm not sure about, I doubt if, Are you sure?, Is that for sure?, Is it certain that..?, Is there any doubt that...?
   • If can be exchanged w/ whether
   • OTHER WAYS
     • MODAL VERBS
     • QUESTION TAGS
       • ask for confirmation
       • rising intonation
       • other people agrees?
       • falling intonation
         • "yes" is expected
       • BE/ AUX / MODAL AUX + SUBJ.,
         • added to :) / :( statement
           • Statement :)/:( answer :(/:) viceversa
       • affirmative - affirmative
         • SARCASM
     • INVARIABLE QUESTION TAG
       • right? / huh?

4. CONTRAST

   • CONJUNCTIONS
     • BUT
     • HOWEVER
     • DESPITE + N/ GERUND
     • DESPITE THE FACT (THAT) + CLAUSE
     • BY COMPARISON/ CONTRAST
     • ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH
     • ON THE ONE HAND/ ON THE OTHER HAND
   • SUBORDINATORS
     • concessive clauses
     • WHEREAS, WHILE, WHILST

5. HYPOTHETICAL

   • Major linguistic exponent in
     • VB HYPOTHESISE
   • MODAL VERBS IN THEIR PAST FORM
     • express unreal situation
     • conveys the speaker's expectation
     • past hypothetical
       • perfective aspect
       • used to express hypothetical meanings
         • ability, possibility, permission, prediction, prediction, volition
   • WISH
     • that - clause
       • REGRET
     • USE OF WAS / WERE
       • 1st person
   • SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
     • IF ONLY
     • IT'S HIGH TIME + SUBJ. + SIMPLE PAST