language psychopathology

language psychopathology

1. serves to classify all language disorders correctly on several axes

   • 1. speech-language (refers to whether the problem is in the ability to articulate or in cognitive language problems)
   • 2. production-understanding (refers to whether the problem lies in understanding what others say or, on the contrary, the subject has problems issuing messages)
   • 3. organic-functional (refers to whether the disorder is due to a neural failure or not), innate-acquired, central-peripheral.
   • In addition, for the classification to be correct, it is necessary to take into account the linguistic components that are: the phonological, the semantic, the syntactic and the communicative

2. what is language?

   • We understand language (Arrufat, 2008) as the understandable exchange of ideas, this being the vehicle of expression of thought

3. LANGUAGE DISORDERS

   • Absence of language or mutis
     • It consists of a total absence of verbal language, without in fact the instrumental capacities are affected.
       • possible causes
         • 1. Reflecting a negativistic attitude. 2. In situations of intense stress. 3. Secondary to psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions.
   • Language rhythm disorders
     • They consist of alterations in rhythm and / or speed of language. The most relevant are:
       • Bradifemia or bradiphasia: Slowing down emission of language.
       • Increased response latency.: The language It is normal, but the time that passes since it is performed the question until the patient begins to answer it is longer.
         • Tachyphemia or tachyphasia. Acceleration in issuance of language. Talk very fast. It is usually associated with a excessive talking (logorrhea or verbiage).
           • Speech pressure: Increase in the amount of spontaneous language compared to what is considered normal or socially adequate.
             • Stuttering or dysphemia or spasmophemia: There is a disturbance of the rhythm and fluency of speech, characterized by the interruption of the flow of speech, by the tendency to repeat initial syllables of words
               • Aprosodia: Lack of intonation, appearing monotonous speech, without inflections and with loss of musicality.
   • Iterative language disorders or verbal stereotypes
     • Alterations in the repetition of the same syllable, word or phrase. The following can be distinguished types:
       • Palilalia: Involuntary repetition of a multiple word times in a row and spasmodically.
         • Echolalia: Irrelevant and persistent repetition of last words or phrases that have been addressed to the patient, like an echo
           • Verbigeration: Incessant repetition, lacking sense, in an automated and stereotyped way of the same words or phrases.
             • Coprolalia: stereotyped employment of vulgar, obscene and dirty words.
   • Language significance disorders
     • These are disorders that more directly affect the meaning of language. Most of them are characteristic of schizophrenia, although they can also appear in some dementias and sensory aphasias:
       • They are classified into:
         • Neologisms: Creation and use of words or expressions without a generally accepted meaning, at the that the patient gives a concrete meaning
           • Paralogisms: Confusion of the concept that a word expresses, so that an existing word is given a meaning different from what you actually have.
             • Glossomania: Set of verbal manifestations accumulated new forms without syntactic concern any and devoid of fixity and significance of their own.
               • Glossolalia: "personal" language of the patient, which uses a vocabulary and syntax of its own invention, but with a sense of its own
                 • Word Salad: Appearance of Connections incoherent or incomprehensible words, which do not they respond to no grammar rules, and without meaning apparent.
                   • Derailment or lax associations of ideas: Interruption of the logical connection between ideas and the general sense of direction of thought
   • Preferential origin alterations neurological
     • We will distinguish two groups: aphasias and disorders of the articulation of language.
       • APHASIA
         • impaired understanding and expression of language produced by the injury of certain regions cerebral.
           • It is usually divided in:
             • Broca's or motor aphasia: Inability to emit words, the musculature of language being undamaged. Patient understands but is unable to speak.
               • Sensory or Wernicke's aphasia: There is a normal or increased verbal production, although there is no linguistic content in what the patient says.
                 • Mixed aphasia (motor + sensory). The sum of the previous two
                   • Transcortical aphasia: Intact repeat but alteration of the rest of the linguistic functions.
                     • Psychogenic aphasias: Very rare; present in some conversion tables.
       • DEMENTIA
         • dementia is an irreversible loss of intellectual abilities including memory, the ability to express oneself and communicate adequately.
           • Signs and symptoms
             • early stage :often passes unnoticed, tendency to forgetfulness, loss of notion of time.
               • Middle stage: symptoms become more obvious and more limiting.
                 • late stage: last stage of the disease, dependence and inactivity are almost total.
         • most common pathologies within dementia
           • ALZHEIMER
             • is a primary dementia of insidious onset and progressive course characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions.
               • it is the most frequent cause of dementia syndrome in the elderly.
           • PARKINSON
             • It occurs as a consequence of the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the pars compacta in the substantia nigra.
               • it is a dementia syndrome that sometimes accompanies Parkinson's disease, characterized by a predominance of alterations in executive functions (initiating responses, planning, and changing environment)

4. 2.Dyspraxia

   • inability to order complex motor activities, cannot control sound sequence; dyspraxia also called apraxia (total disability)
     • three types of apraxia
       • 1.orofacial apraxia: inability to organize movements with muscles of the face
       • 2. Construction apraxia: inability or difficulty in organizing spatial coordinate tasks
       • 3. Ideational apraxia: inability or difficulty to perform movements with the hands

5. Disorders in the articulation of language

   • 1.Dysarthria
     • It is defined as an organic neurological disorder caused by lesions in the central regions and in the conductive pathways of the verbomotor analyzer.
       • causes confused vocalizations, with weak or high-sounding syllables, unintelligible speech

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