SPEECH ACTS AND CONVERSATION.

SPEECH ACTS AND CONVERSATION.

1. Language in use

   • Functions: apparent structure. Sentences structure and the function of utterances: declarative sentences to state something imperative sentences to give orders
     • SPEECH ACTS Verbal actions
       • Types of speech acts
         • *Representatives: It was a warm sunny day. *Commissives: I´ll be back. *Directives: Commands, requests, challenges, *Declarations: Blessings, firings, baptisms, arrests, etc *Expressives: Don´t touch that! *Verdictives: Rankings, assessments, appraising, condoning.
           • LOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS
             • Locutions: sentences have a grammatical sentence and a literal linguistic meaning. Illocution: the speaker´s intention of what is to be accomplished by the speech act.
               • Distinguishing among speech acts: by the context or the setting and by using judgement and background knowledge of the language and the culture.
                 • Appropriateness conditions and successful declarations: * Utterance must be conventionally associated with the speech act. *Context must be conventionally recognized. *Speaker must be sincere. *Involved parties intend to create a marriage bond; the essential condition. *Successful promises.
                   • THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
                     • MAXIM OF QUANTITY: Give as much information as is necessary, but no more.
                       • MAXIM OF RELEVANCE: Be relevant at the time of the utterance.
                         • MAXIM OF MANNER: be orderly and clear; avoid ambiguity and obscurity.
                           • MAXIM OF QUALITY: Be truthful and provide evidence for statements
                             • VIOLATIONS OF THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES: Indirect speech acts and shared knowledge
                               • POLITENESS CONVENTIONS
                                 • *Possitive politeness: making utterances that are conventionally polite, flattering, being very cooperative, etc. *Negative politeness: avoiding saying things that are inappropriate, avoiding excessive intrusion.
                                   • SPEECH EVENTS
                                     • Political rally, debate, classroom lecture, religious service (sermon, prayer, welcoming, singing). Could also be informal: telephone conversation, purchasing a ticket, a newspaper, ordering a meal, etc.
                                       • THE ORGANIZATION OF CONVERSATION
                                         • *TURN TAKING AND PAUSING: people usually don´t all talk at once. * ADJACENCY PAIRS: typically, certain kinds of turns have specific follow-ups. *OPENING SEQUENCES: people ordinarily begin in conventional ways. *CLOSING SEQUENCES: people conventionally prepare to end a conversations by summing-up using other locutions. *CONVERSATIONAL ROUTINES: openings and closings are more conventionalized that are other parts of the conversation. *REPAIRS: when people don´t say what they intended to, or need to edit a previous statement (fix the utterance. *POLITENESS: on organizational force in conversation: we recognize as appropriate and polite.)
                                           • CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
                                             • Politeness and all of the other speech act formulae vary from culture to culture.