PUNTUATION MARKS.

PUNTUATION MARKS.

1. COMMA

   • Separates words, ideas, or phrases with a sentece, use to indicate a pause, in a sentence.
     • First rule: use commas to separate items in a seriess of three or more things.
       • Second rule: use a comma to separate independent clauses when they are joined by the conjuntions: FANBOYS
         • Third rule: use a comma to separate a dependent clause from an independent clause.
           • Fourth rule: use to separate any word or phrase from the rest of the sentence that is not essential to senteces meaning
             • Fifth rule: use a comma a quotation of a sentence.
               • Sixth rule: to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence.
                 • Seventh rule: use to separate the name of a city from a ocuntry pr state.
                   • Eigth rule: to separate the day pf the week day of month and the year.
   • PERIOD
     • Full stop to end a declarative sentence or statement
       • How to use a full stop?
         • At the end of sentences that are intended to instruct or command.
           • An indirect question ends with a period, not a questionmark.
             • Period after abbreviations.
     • QUESTION MARK
       • The period is placed inside the closing quotation mark
         • If the quotation end with a question or exclamation mark , the period is left out
           • Period wiht parentheses.
             • Elipsis
               • To show omission, pause and create suspense.
             • She lived in Tokyo (the capotal of Japan).
           • Ex.: Daniel asked: " How you doing?
         • Ex.: Rosie said thet were "on a break."
       • COLON
         • consisting in two equally sized, often procedes an explanation.
           • To introduce an item or series of items.
             • Avoid using a colon before a list it directly follows a verb
               • Instead of a semi colon may be used between independent clauses when the second sentence explains, illustrates the first sentence.
                 • When listing item one by one, one per line, following a colon.
                   • Capitalize the first word after a colon if the information quotation that follows a colon.
                     • Capitalize the first word after a colon if the information following the colon requires two or more sentences.
                       • IF a quoatation contains two or more sentences, many writers and edutors intriduceit with a colon rather than a comma.
                         • Use a colon rather than a comma to follow the salutation in a business letter, even when addressing someone by his o her fisrt name.
                   • Ex.: I want an assistant who can do the following: A. inpit data...
               • Ex.: Not recommended: I want: butter, sugar, and flour.
             • Ex.: You know what to do: practice.
         • PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS
           • used to contain text that is not part of the main sentence, but that us too important to cither leave out entirely.
             • To include extra information.
               • To cote authors.
                 • To introduce abbreviations.
                   • To translate words or short phrases.
                     • To give examples.
                       • TO define or restate a word
                         • To introduce terms.
           • The difference betwen a bracket and a parentheses can be a bit confusing. Generally, parentheses refers to round brakctes and brackets to square brackets-
           • APOSTROPHE
             • It is written to indicate that one or more letters have been left out of a word.
               • Mark possession
                 • Indicate ownership
                   • to show possession for plural noun that does not end in s, add an apostrophe + s
             • DASH
               • Separation stronger than a comma.
                 • EM- Dash
                   • To join independent clauses.
                 • EN-DASH
                   • can be used between times, dates, and forms of indexing.
               • QUESTION MARK AND EXCLAMATION MARK
                 • is used following a question in a sentence
                 • is also know as the exclamation point, looks like a period with vertical bar above ot.