Classification of tropical diseases

Classification of tropical diseases

1. microbiological classification

   • bacteria
     • morphologic description
       • Cocci, bacilli, vibrios
     • gram staining
       • Gram-positive (high or low GC) Gram-negative
     • oxygen requirements
       • Aerobes and anaerobes
     • Chlamydia
       • Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydia pneumoniae
     • mycoplasma
       • Myçoplasma arthriditis Mycoplasma pneumoniae mycoplasma genitalium
     • spirochetes
       • Trypanosoma spp, treponema pertenue, treponema cartum, leptospira spp. borrelia spp, spirillum minus
     • rickettsia
       • Rickettsia spp Spotted fever group, Typhus group Scrub typhus group (now Orientalis)
   • protozoa
     • flagellates
       • Trypanosoma spp (T cruzi, T brucei rhodesiense, T brucei gambiense, T rangeli) Giardia lamblia Leishmania spp Trichomonas spp
     • ameboids
       • Entamoeba histolytica Acanthamoeba spp Naegleria fowleri
     • ciliates
       • Balantidium coli
     • sporozoans
       • Plasmodium spp (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium Babesia microti Toxoplasma gondii Microsporidium spp Cryptosporium spp
   • helminths
     • Nematodes (roundworms, pin/threadworms, whipworms, hookworms) Gut nematodes (Ascaris lumbri-codes, Enterobius vermicularis, Tri- churis trichiuria, Ancylostoma spp, Necator americanus)
   • viruses
     • DNA
       • double-stranded DNA (pox, herpes, papova, hepadna)
       • single-stranded DNA (parvo)
     • RNA
       • double-stranded (reo) single-stranded (positive sense: orthomyxo, rhabdo, picorna, toga) single-stranded (negative sense: Ebola, Marburg)
   • fungi
     • Ascomycetes (sac fungi) Basidiorycetes (club fungi) Zygomycetes (mucor fungi) Phycomycetes (algal fungi) Morphology Unicellular (Candida spp, Histoplasma spp) Multicellular (Aspergillus spp, Rhizopus spp, Fusarium spp) Dimorphic (Penicillium marneffe)
   • parasites
     • CNS nematodes
       • (Angiostrongylus cantonensis)
     • trematodes
       • Fasciola hepatica, Fas- ciolopsis buski, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp Schistosoma´s, Paragonimus westermani
     • cestodes
       • Cestodes (tapeworms) Tania solium, Diphyllobothriumlatum, Hymenolepis nana) Cysticercosis (Tania solium larvae) Echinococcosis (larvae of dog tapeworms Echino- coccus granulosus, and Echinococcus multilocularis)

2. by organ system involved

   • gastrointestinal
     • Bacterial: all gastroenteritides, tuberculosis Protozoal: Chagas disease, amebiasis, Giardia, coccidia Helminthic multiple
   • hepatic
     • Bacterial: leptospirosis, polymicrobial, anaerobes malaria, trypanosomiasis Helminthie schistosomiasis, liver trematodes, hydatidosis Viral: hepatitisA,E, yellow fever, herpes viruses.
   • respiratory
     • tuberculosis, pneumococcal pneumonia, legionnaires, mycoplasma pneumonia Fungat: aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis Helminthic paragonimiasis, strongyloides hyperinfection, hydatid, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia Protozoal: Plasmodium falciparum
   • cardiovascular
     • Bacterial: endocarditis, rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, syphilis Protozoal: Chagas disease Helminthic schistosomiasis
   • neurologic
     • Bacterial: Neisseria meningitidis and other bacterial meningitis, leprosy, botulism, diphtheria Protozoal: Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoebae, trypanosomiasis, Plasmodium falciparum Helminthic: cysticercosis, hydatid, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, gnathostomiasis Viral: HIV, HTLV-1, Japanese encephalitis, enteroviruses, rabies
   • renal tract
     • Bacterial: poststreptococcal, tuberculosis Helminthic schistosomiasis Protozoal: Plasmodium falciparum
   • dermatologic
     • Bacterial: tropical ulcers, syphilis, mycobacteria, anthrax Fungal: sporotrichosis, mycetoma, Penicillium Protozoal: Icishmaniasis Helminthic acute schistosomiasis, Loa loa, Gnathostoma, onchocerciasis, cutaneous larva migrans, larva currens Arthropods: bites and stings, scabies, myiasis, tungiasis
   • musculoeskeletal
     • Pyomyositis, trichinosis, cysticercosis, tuberculosis, hydatid

3. Main routes of transmission

   • mother to child. Congenita/vertical. transplacental
     • toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex, syphilis), HIV, hepatitis viruses, malaria, trypanosomiases, bacterial infections
   • perinatal. Vaginal during delivery
     • bacterial, viral, fungal infections
   • breast milk
     • Sexually transmitted diseases
   • airborne
     • RTIs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, Chlamydia spp contaminated by microbes and Mycoplasma spp
   • skin contact
     • Sexually transmitted diseases, mycosis, scabies, MRSA
   • indirect
     • Boils, MRSA, sexually transmitted diseases, respiratory infections, C difficile and so forth
   • ingestion
     • bacteria, virus and protozoa
       • toxins
         • Staphylococcal, botulism, Bacillus cereus, scrombrotoxin, mushroom (Amanita phalloides)
       • parasites
         • Infections caused by nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, protozoa
   • insect/arthropod
     • anopheles spp
       • Malaria (all Plasmodium spp), bancroftian filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti)
     • culicine spp
       • Arbovirus encephalitis (g, Japanese B encephalitis, St Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus)
     • aedes spp
       • Yellow fever, filariasis (bancroftian)
     • Sandfly and disease
       • Leishmaniasis (all forms), sandfly fever (or Pappataci transmission 3 day fever; Toscana, Sicilian, and Naples virus (Phlebotomus spp. infections), bartenellosis (Bartonella bacciliformis)
     • tsetse flies
       • Sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, I brucei gambiense)
     • black flies
       • Onchocerciases (river blindness) (Onchocerca volvulus)
   • routes of transmission
     • horse/deer flies
       • Filariasis (Loa loa), tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
     • lice
       • pediculosis, bartonella, rickettsia, borrelia recurrentis
     • fleas
       • yersinia pestis, rickettsia, bartonella henselae, dwarf tapeworm
     • arachnids
       • higgers, scrub typhus
     • ticks
       • borrelia, tick typhus, anaplasma phagocytophilum, francisella tularensis, babesia microti
     • reduvid bugs
       • chagas disease, T cruzi spp
     • helmint larvae
       • schistosoma spp, hookworm, roundworm, fly larvae
   • infections that cause granulomas
     • mycobacteria spp
       • Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium kansasil Mycobacterium marinum Mycobacterium bOviS
     • brucella spp
       • Brucella abortus, Brucella mellitensis, Brucella suis
     • yersinia spp
       • y pestis
     • listeria spp
       • listeria monocytogenes
     • spirochetes
       • treponema pallidum treponema carateum
     • fungi
       • Histoplasmosis (any organ) Cocciodomycoses (any organ) Pulmonary aspergillosis (lung) Cryptococcosis (any organ)
     • protozoa
       • Toxoplasma gondil Leishmania spp
     • trematodes
       • schistosoma spp fasciola spp opisthorchis spp
     • cestodes
       • clonorchis sinesis taenia solium
     • helminth larvae
       • ascaris lumbricoides, ancylostoma spp, necatur americanus