MOTIVATION

MOTIVATION

1. Affects

   • particular goals
     • determines the specific goals toward which learners strive
   • initiation of and persistence in activities
     • increases students’ time on task, an important factor affecting their learning and achievement
   • consequences are reinforcing and punishing
     • The more learners are motivated to achieve academic success, the more they will be proud of an A and upset by a low grade
   • effort and energy
     • determines whether they pursue a task enthusiastically and wholeheartedly or apathetically and lackadaisically
   • cognitive processes
     • affects what learners pay attention to and how effectively they process it
   • performance
     • students who are most motivated to learn and excel in classroom activities tend to be our highest achievers

2. Adolescent Learners

   • have great curiosity and a wide range of interests
     • Help students forge links between what they already know and what they are learning
   • They are highly self-conscious and can be very sensitive to personal criticism
     • Provide students with positive information about themselves
   • have a great deal of physical energy
     • Have systems in place to manage student movement from one activity or grouping to the next
   • They look for models
     • Nurture a relationship with each student
   • Their growing autonomy may express itself in questioning authority
     • Explain the purpose of every activity

3. INTRINSEC

   • may engage in an activity because it gives them pleasure, helps them develop a skill they think is important,
     • ackle assigned tasks willingly and are eager to learn classroom material, more likely to process information in effective ways

4. EXTRINSEC

   • they are motivated to perform a task as a means to an end, not as an end in itself
     • may have to be enticed or prodded, may process information only superficially, and are often interested in performing only easy tasks and meeting minimal classroom requirements

5. Learning styles and teaching

   • The four modalities
     • auditory learning
       • audio tapes and videos, storytelling, songs, jazz chants, memorization and drills
     • kinaesthetic learning
       • physical activities, competitions, board games, role plays
     • tactile way of learning
       • board and card games, demonstrations, projects, role plays
     • visual learning
       • wall displays posters, realia, flash cards, graphic organizers
   • Field-independent vs. field-dependent
     • Field-independent students
       • Let students work on some activities on their own
     • Field-dependent students
       • Let students work on some activities in pairs and small groups
   • Left-brain dominated vs. right-brain dominated
     • left-brain dominated
       • Give verbal instructions and explanations
     • right-brain dominated
       • Write instructions as well as giving them verbally  Demonstrate what you would like students to do
   • McCarthy's four learning styles
     • Innovative learners
       • Use cooperative learning activities and activities in which students must make value judgements
     • Analytic learners
       • Teach students the facts
     • Common sense learners
       • Use problem-solving activities
     • Dynamic learners
       • Ask students about their feelings

6. Learning Strategies

   • Metacognitive
     • indicate and “executive function, strategies that involve planning for learning, thinking about the learning process
       • Advance organizers
       • Directed attention
       • Selective attention
       • Self-management
       • Functional planning
       • Self-monitoring
       • Delayed production
       • Self-evaluation
   • Cognitive
     • are more limited to specific learning tasks and involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself
       • Grouping
       • Note taking
       • Elaboration
       • Translation
       • Keyword
       • Contextualization
       • Repetition
       • Resourcing
       • Deduction
       • Transfer
       • Inferencing
       • Imagery
       • Recombination
       • Auditory representation
   • Socioaffective
     • Cooperation
     • Question for clarification