Heart Murmurs

Heart Murmurs

1. Heart murmurs are caused by audible vibrations that are due to increased turbulence from accelerated blood flow through normal or abnormal orifices

   • Systolic murmurs begin with or after the first heart sound (S1) and terminate at or before the component of the second heart sound (S2) that corresponds to their site of origin.
     • Diastolic murmurs begin with or after the associated component of S2 and end at or before the subsequent S1.
   • The duration of a heart murmur depends on the length of time over which a pressure difference exists between two cardiac chambers
     • Intensity Is graded on a scale of 1–6
       • Recognition of the location and radiation of the murmur helps facilitate its accurate identification.
   • SYSTOLIC HEART MURMURS
     • Early systolic murmurs, Midsystolic murmurs, Late systolic murmurs and Holosystolic murmurs
       • DIASTOLIC HEART MURMURS
         • Early diastolic murmurs, Mid-diastolic murmurs and Continuous Murmurs
   • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
     • Common Murmurs and the Cardiac Disease States, Aortic stenosis, Aortic Regurgitation, Innocent or Flow Murmur, Pulmonary stenosis, Tricuspid stenosis, Tricuspid regurgitation, Mitral stenosis, Mitral regurgitation, Mitral valve prolapse, Atrial septal defect, Ventricular septal defect, Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Patent ductus arteriosus, Turners syndrome, Tetralogy of Fallot, Carcinoid syndrome, Chronic rheumatic heart disease and Infective endocarditis
   • CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
     • Trouble breathing, shortness of breath, sweating, chest pain, fainting, skin with a bluish tint, weight gain, neck veins that bulge, a chronic cough.
   • DIAGNOSIS
     • Heart murmurs are usually detected during a physical exam using a stethoscope.
       • Echocardiogram, Chest X-ray, Electrocardiogram, Cardiac catheterization,
   • TREATMENT
     • Medications
       • Anticoagulants, Diuretics, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Statins help lower your cholesterol and Beta blockers. These drugs lower your heart rate and blood pressure.
     • Valve repair and Valve replacement