Periods

Periods

1. Renaissance

   • Rebirth and spread of new ideas.
   • Transition from agricultural to urban.
   • New social system (middle class)
   • Classicism - secularism - humanism
   • Vernacular literature
     • Vernacular = language of their own region
   • Authors
     • Castiglione - Book of Cartier
       • You are born with certain talents. You can't gain them.
       • Skills to be a warrior.
       • Education
       • Enrich life with arts.
       • Standard of conduct.
     • Nicolo Machiavelli - The Prince
       • Political guide book
       • How to acquire and keep power.
       • The end justifies the means.
     • William Shakespeare - Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet
       • English playwright.
       • 1,700 new English words.
         • Apostrophe, lapse, lonely, majestic, road, suspicious, blood, control, exposure, hurry...
     • Erasmus from Rotterdam - Praise of Folly
       • Dutch priest
       • Produced the bible in Greek.
       • Doubted organized church.
       • He believed the church should teach how to have a good life and not provide a system of beliefs.
       • Criticized the abuses of the church.
   • Printing press 1455
     • Johan Gutenberg was inspired by the bible.
     • Made documents accesible.
     • By the year 1500, there were over 1k printers in Europe
   • Humanist writers characteristics
     • Promoted education.
     • Used reason to improve.
     • Secular
     • Christian Humanism - Northern region.

2. Reformation

   • Causes
     • Merchants payed taxes to the church and the king didn't like that.
     • Church leaders became corrupt.
       • They had secular affairs.
       • Fees for marriage and baptism.
       • Sold indulgences.
     • The king gained power and challenged the church.
     • Erasmus and people questioned church supremacy.
   • Early revolts against the church
     • Late 1300’s – John Wycliffe
       • Bible supreme to pope.
       • Secret meetings.
     • Early 1400’s - John Hus
       • Led reform movement.
       • Accused of heresy.
   • Martin Luther
     • 95 Theses
       • Faith alone was needed for salvation.
       • Bible was ultimate authority , not the pope.
     • Reaction
       • Excommunicated by the pope.
       • The roman emperor asked him to take back what he said, but he refused and declared outlaw.
     • Teachings
       • Bible needed to be translated into vernacular.
       • All people direct relationship with God
       • Banned indulgences.
       • Simplified mass, emphasis on sermon.
       • Permitted clergy to marry.
   • English
     • 1520’s religious leaders exploring Protestant ideas.
     • Henry VIII
       • 1534 - Act of Supremacy made Henry head of Church of England
       • 1536-1540 - Seized monastery lands and wealth and gave it to nobles.
       • 1547 - Henry dies and son (Edward VI) becomes king. Then Mary Tudor and then Elizabeth I.
         • Passes laws that strengthen Protestant Church.
         • Book of Common Prayer required in all church services
     • New religious groups
       • Anabaptists
       • Jesuits
       • Most remained catholic
     • Legacies
       • Intolerance and religions prosecuted.
       • Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution.
       • Jews forced to live in ghettos across Europe.