SLA

SLA

1. Learner processes

   • L2 knowledge
   • Language processing
     • Cognitive descriptions
       • Declarative memory
         • Facts and events - conscious - knowing WHAT
       • Procedural memory
         • Habits and skills - unconscious - knowing HOW
     • Learning
       • Implicit
         • Interface
           • explicit becoming implicit and vice versa
           • Automatic processes
             • fewer attentional resources
           • Controlled processes
       • Explicit
   • Other knowledge
     • Schemata
       • Knowledge of the world - pre-existing info
     • L1
       • Transfer (negative and positive) Negative transfer is known as transference by Weinreich
         • Errors and behaviourist position
       • Language distance
         • difference between L1 and L2
       • Cultural transfer
       • Facilitating element
   • Language processing
     • Linguistic nature
       • Universal Grammar UG
         • LAD - minimises the role of input
         • Present in all human langauges
         • Markedness
           • Core features - unmarked
           • Peripheral features - marked
     • Cognitive nature

2. Attention

   • Innatists see attention as a mere trigger
   • Cognitivists see attention as essential
   • Definition 1: process that encodes language input - Robinson 2005
     • Definition 2: several mechanisms including alertness, orientation, etc - Schmidt 2001
   • Limited
   • Selective
   • Voluntary - Involuntary

3. Memory

   • Short term memory - STM
     • Maintenance Rehearsal
       • data driven
     • Elaborative rehearsal
       • conceptually driven
   • Long term memory - LTM

4. Strategies

   • Learning strategies
     • Metacognitive - self evaluation
     • Cognitive - language strategies - note-taking
     • Social mediation - cooperation
   • Communication strategies
     • Sociolinguistic position - Tarone
       • Avoidance
       • Paraphrase
       • Conscious transfer
       • Mime
       • Appeal for assistance
     • Psycholinguistic position - Faerch and Kasper
       • Achievement strategies
         • Non-cooperative
           • code-switching
           • substitution
           • exemplification
         • Cooperative
           • appeal for help
       • Avoidance strategies
         • abandoning or changing
   • They can be: behavioural, mental, observable, non-observable