UNIT II: DILEMMAS

UNIT II: DILEMMAS

1. FOCUS STRUCTURES TO EMPHASIZE INFORMATION

   • FORMULA
     • It was/What + Subject + Verb + Complement
     • It was/What + Subject + didn't + Verb + Complement
   • USES
     • To place certain elements of the basic version of the sentences (S + V + C) in different position in order to make then more prominent
     • To focus on a particular part of the sentence
     • To emphasize what we want to say by introducing it or building up to it with a kind of relative clause
     • To give emphasis to the whole sentence, rather than a particular clause
   • EXAMPLES
     • It was Ikram who won the first prize.
     • It was last year that he got promoted.
     • It was for his family's comfort that he was working hard.
     • What people need is social justice.
     • Who won't be at the party is Bob.

2. PASSIVES WITH INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

   • INFINITIVES
     • FORMULA
       • Subject + Verb + "To be" + Verb in Past Participle
       • Subject + don't/doesn't + Verb + "To be" + Verb in Past Participle
       • Do/Does + Subject + Verb + "To be" + Verb in Past Participle
     • USES
       • Habitually in auxiliary verbs (can, may, might, could, should...)
       • To emphasize which is right or possible
       • When we want to focus on the receiver of the action
       • When we don't want to mention the agent
       • After "there is" and "there are"
     • EXAMPLES
       • I love to be hugged.
       • She is hoping to be elected president.
       • My cars needs to be washed.
       • My bed is a mess! It has to be cleaned.
       • Manolo likes to be appreciated by his family.
   • GERUNDS
     • FORMULA
       • Subject + Verb + being + verb in Past Participle
       • Subject + don't/doesn't + Verb + being + verb in Past Participle
       • Do(Does + Subject + Verb + being + verb in Past Participle
     • USES
       • To emphasize real actions that affects an agent
     • EXAMPLES
       • I hate being bothered.
       • Michael likes being helped.
       • I hate being told about what I have to do.
       • Being served well is important in a restaurant.
       • Being followed in the streets at night is one of the worst things women suffer every day.

3. REVIEW OF SECOND AND THIRD CONDITIONAL

   • SECOND CONDITIONAL
     • FORMULA
       • If + Subject + Past Simple, would/wouldn't + base form
     • USES
       • To talk about a hypothetical/imaginary situation in the present or future and its consequence
       • For hypothetical advices
     • EXAMPLES
       • If I had more money, I would buy a bigger house.
       • If he spoke English, he could get a job in a hotel.
       • I'd get along better with my parents if I didn't live with them.
       • I wouldn't do that job unless they paid me a really good salary.
       • If I were you, I'd buy a new computer.
   • THIRD CONDITIONAL
     • FORMULA
       • If + Subject + Past Perfect, Subject + would + Present Perfect
     • USES
       • To talk about a hypothetical/imaginary situation in the past and its (hypothetical) consequence
     • EXAMPLES
       • If I'd known about the meeting, I would have gone.
       • If I hadn't gone to that party, I wouldn't have met my wife.
       • If I hadn't been rude with her, we would have a normal relationship.
       • You wouldn't have been late if you'd gotten up earlier.
       • We would have arrived at 6:00 if we hadn't gotten lost.

4. MIXED CONDITIONALS

   • PAST - PRESENT
     • If + Subject + Past Perfect, Subject + would + Verb + Complement
     • If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
   • PAST - FUTURE
     • If + Subject + Past Perfect, Subject + would be + verb (-ing) + Complement
     • If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai.
   • PRESENT - PAST
     • If + Subject + Past Simple, Subject + would + Present Perfect + Complement
     • If I didn't have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.
   • FUTURE - PAST
     • If + Subject + Past Continous, Subject + would + Present Perfect + Commplement
     • If I weren't flying to Detroit, I would have planned a trip to Vancouver.
   • FUTURE - PRESENT
     • If + Subject + Past Continous, Subject + would + Verb + Complement
     • If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.
   • PRESENT - FUTURE
     • If + Subject + Past Simple, Subject + would be + verb (-ing) + Complement
     • If Dan weren't so nice, he wouldn't be tutoring you in math tonight.