Upper Respiratory Infections

Description

Mind Map on Upper Respiratory Infections, created by Linda M DeChaine on 12/06/2015.
Linda M DeChaine
Mind Map by Linda M DeChaine, updated more than 1 year ago
Linda M DeChaine
Created by Linda M DeChaine over 9 years ago
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Resource summary

Upper Respiratory Infections
  1. Epidemiology
    1. Constitute Approximately 20-40% Outpatient Visits, >85% Include Naso-pharyngitis,Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Otitis Media, Majority of Illness Presents as Viral in Nature, Predominant Bacterial Causes Include Streptococcus and Staphylococcus Species.
      1. Inappropriate Stewardship of Antibiotic Use Contributes to the Development of Resistant Species of Bacteria, Hand-washing remains the most Effective Means of Controlling Infection
    2. Pathophysiology
      1. Pathogenic Inoculation followed by overwhelming multiple immune barriers, initiating an active immune response mediated by cytokines, active cellular response to inflammation including neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and eosinophils.
      2. Risk Factors
        1. Immature Immunity, Repetitive Exposure to Bacterial or Viral Pathogens, Repetitive Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke, Pre-Exisiting Disease Process, Exposure to an Infectious Person
          1. Children are Especially Venerable in Group Care situations, but over-zealous sanitation efforts may leave immune systems unchallenged.
        2. Clinical Presentation
          1. Fever, Pain, Malaise, Decreased Appetite, Increased Respiratory and Heart Rate, Lymph Node Inflammation, Exudate, Erythema
          2. Diagnosis
            1. Clinical Presentation, Positive Cultures or Viral Testing
              1. Increased White Count, Manual Differential Demonstrates a 'Shift to the Left' with immature cells present
                1. Fever, Pain, Malaise
              2. Adaptive Responses
                1. Fever (Anti-Microbial Effect), Increased Rate of Respiration and Heart (Response to Pain), Inflamed Lymph Nodes (Active Inflammatory Response to Begin Clearing Infection), Exudate (Active Cellular Involvement), Erythema (Active Isolation of Inflammatory or Infectious Process)
                2. References Deglin, J. H., Vallerand, A. H., & Sanoski, C. A. (2011). Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A.Davis Company. Holmes, S., & Scullion, J. (2013, November). Prescribing for upper respiratory tract infection. . Retrieved from CINAHL. Huether, S., & McCance, K. (2012). Understanding Pathophysiology (5th ed., pp. 1049-1050). St Louis, MO: Laureate Education.
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